Skip to main content
Log in

Enabling relations as determinants of self-satisfaction in the youth: The path from self-satisfaction to prosocial behaviors as explained by strength of inner self

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The development of a positive self-concept is crucial for young people to flourish and thrive. Self-satisfaction stemming from a positive self-evaluation is assumed to be partially contingent upon the quality of relationships that the individual has with socialization agents. The ability to view oneself as worthy and valuable has the potential to translate to positive developmental outcomes including a desire to engage in prosocial behaviors. In this study, the association of youth’s enabling relations in different social contexts with their self-satisfaction was examined. Analysis of data from Filipino college youth (N = 1001) suggests that enabling relations within the family, school, peer, and community are factors related to self-satisfaction. Among these, relationships formed in school appeared to have the strongest association with self-satisfaction. Further analysis showed that self-satisfaction has direct effects on prosocial behaviors, and indirect effects through strength of inner self. Implications of the findings especially the importance of helping the youth achieve self-satisfaction are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alessandri, G., Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Eisenberg, N., Zuffianò, A., Milioni, M., Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2014). Prosociality during the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood: the role of effortful control and ego-resiliency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(11), 1451–1465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J., and Land, D., 1999. Attachment in adolescence. In: J. Cassidy and P. Shaver (Eds.), 1999. Handbook of attachment: Research, theory, & clinical applications (pp. 319–335), New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Anderson, S. A., Sabatelli, R. M., & Kosutic, I. (2007). Families, urban neighborhood youth centers, and peers as contexts for development. Family Relations, 56(4), 346–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment style among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreault-Bouchard, A. M., Dion, J., Hains, J., Vandermeerschen, J., Laberge, L., & Perron, M. (2013). Impact of parental emotional support and coercive control on adolescents' self-esteem and psychological distress: results of a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 695–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Volume 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P.A. (2006). The ecology of developmental processes. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology Vol. I. Theoretical models of human development (5th ed.) (pp. 993–1028). New York City: Wiley.

  • Checkoway, B. (1996). Young people creating community change. Battle Creek, MI: W.K. Kellogg Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., McCabe, L., Michelli, N. M., & Pickeral, T. (2009). School climate: research, policy, practice, and teacher education. The Teachers College Record, 111(1), 180–213.

  • Dailey, R. (2009). Confirmation from family members: parent and sibling contributions to adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Western Journal of Communication, 73(3), 273–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De La Salle University Department of Psychology (2012), “Examining poverty among Filipino youth using pathways-to-development and intervention approaches to risk and positive outcomes (working youth data set: youth development research project – phase 2)”, Unpublished raw data, De La Salle University.

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dingley, C., Roux, G., & Bush, H. (2000). Inner strength: a concept analysis. Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 4(2), 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J., & Roeser, R. (2009). Schools, academic motivation, and stage-environment fit. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 404–434). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., and Fabes, R. A. (1997). Prosocial development. In Damon, W. (ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology, 5th ed., Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (N. Eisenberg, vol. ed.), Wiley, New York, pp. 701–778.

  • Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S., McDaniel, B., & Spinrad, T. L. (2009). Moral cognitions and prosocial responding in adolescence. Handbook of adolescent psychology.

  • Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T.L., Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. In: Lamb ME, Garcia Coll C (Vol. Eds.) and Lerner RM (Series Ed.). Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (7thed). New York: Wiley: 610‑658.

  • Elmore, C. A., & Gaylord-Harden, N. K. (2013). The influence of supportive parenting and racial socialization messages on African American youth behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel, M., Hoagwood, K., Stephan, S., & Ford, T. (2014). Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 377–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garo-Santiago, M. A., Mansukhani, R., & Resurreccion, R. (2009). Adolescent identity in the context of the Filipino Family. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Nitzberg, R. E., Erez, A., & Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2005). Attachment, caregiving, and volunteering: Placing volunteerism in an attachment-theoretical framework. Personal Relationships, 12(4), 425–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kolligan Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 67–97). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 303–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E. A., McClear, K., & Knight, D. (1996). Self-esteem and work. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundman, B., Alex, L., Jonsen, E., Norberg, A., Nygren, B., Fischer, R. S., & Strandberg, G. (2010). Inner strength—a theoretical analysis of salutogenic concepts. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 251–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, M. J., Zaharakis, N., & Benotsch, E. G. (2014). Social networks, substance use, and mental health in college students. Journal of American College Health, 62, 470–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.

  • Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. (2015). In Schroeder, D. A., & Graziano, W. G. (Eds.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 209‑230). Oxford Lbrary of Psychology.

  • Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1995). Children’s friendship relations: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nie, Y. G., Li, J. B., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2016). Self-control mediates the associations between parental attachment and prosocial behavior among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 36–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, K. J., Irby, M., Tolman, J., Yohalem, N., & Ferber, T. (2011). Preventing problems, promoting development, encouraging engagement. In Washington, DC: Forum for Youth Investment.

  • Reyes, M. L., & Galang, A. J. R. (2009). Motivational and social aspects of the Filipino college experience. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 213–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, M.L., Garo-Santiago, M.A., Sta Maria, M.A. and De La Salle University Department of Psychology (2011), “The multicontext assessment battery of youth development”, Working Paper, De La Salle University, Manila, 20 March 2016.

  • Reyes, M.L., Ocampo, A.C.G., Garo-Santiago, M.A., Resurreccion, K.F., Morales, M.R.H., Galang, A.J.R. and Olivas, H.P.A. (2016), “Revised users’ manual to accompany the multicontext assessment battery of youth development”, Working Paper, De La Salle University, Manila, 20 March.

  • Robinson, N. (1995). Evaluating the nature of perceived support and its relation to perceived self-worth in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(2), 253–280.

  • Schachter, E. P., & Ventura, J. J. (2008). Identity agents: parents as active and reflective participants in their children's identity formation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 449–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Ham, D., & Montague, R. (2006). School connectedness is an underemphasized parameter in adolescent mental health: results of a community prediction study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 170–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sta. Maria, M., Reyes, M., Mansukhani, R., & Garo-Santiago, M. (2009). Expectations and resources in different contexts of development: Towards positive developmental outcomes among Filipino youth. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 153–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valera, P. M., Parcon, A. M., Amarnani, R., Canoy, N., & Lajom, J. A. (2009). Barkadahan: a study of peer group norms and values among Filipino adolescents.

  • Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 222–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wentzel, K. (2015). In Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (Eds.). (2015). Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press.

  • Youniss, J. (1985). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan–Piaget perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., McLellan, J. A., & Mazer, B. (2001). Voluntary service, peer group orientation, and civic engagement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(5), 456–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A., Stoddard, S. A., Eisman, A. B., Caldwell, C. H., Aiyer, S. M., & Miller, A. (2013). Adolescent resilience: Promotive factors that inform prevention. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Dr. Melissa Lopez Reyes for giving her access to the archival data gathered as part of the Youth Development Research Project of the Psychology Department of De La Salle University (DLSU).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Simon.

Ethics declarations

The study had been conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association. The archival data analyzed in this study came from a larger dataset as part of the Youth Development Project of De La Salle University, and can be made available from the author upon request.

Conflict of Interest

The author states that there is no conflict of interest. The author did not receive any form of funding in the writing of this manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(XLSX 56 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Simon, P. Enabling relations as determinants of self-satisfaction in the youth: The path from self-satisfaction to prosocial behaviors as explained by strength of inner self. Curr Psychol 39, 656–664 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9791-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9791-0

Keywords

Navigation