Skip to main content
Log in

“My Body is My Journal, and My Tattoos are My Story”: South African Psychology Students’ Reflections on Tattoo Practices

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this research study was to gain insight into a group of South African psychology students’ perceptions regarding tattoos. In particular, the prevalence of getting a tattoo; differences between various gender, racial, and religious groupings with regard to getting a tattoo; the most prominent reasons for getting or not getting a tattoo; and general perceptions regarding tattoos and people with tattoos were explored. Third-year psychology students participated in this multi-methods study. A survey regarding tattoo behavior and perceptions was completed by 175 participants, and interviews were conducted with five individuals. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, as well as content and thematic analyses, were completed. While most participants (78.3%) did not have tattoos, they were relatively non-judgmental with regard to tattoo practices. Tattoos were valued for their symbolic personal meaning and as a form of self-expression, while religion, the permanence of tattoos and medical aspects deterred students from getting a tattoo.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allan, A. (2011). Law and ethics in psychology: An international perspective (2nd ed.). Somerset-West: Inter-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, P., Bennett, K., & Heritage, B. (2014). SPSS statistics version 22: A practical guide. Melbourne: Cengage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., & Kelly, L. (2001). Tattooing, body piercing, and branding are on the rise: Perspectives for school nurses. The Journal of School Nursing, 17(1), 12–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., & Pace Murphy, K. (1997). Tattooing: Another adolescent risk behavior warranting health education. Applied Nursing Research, 10(4), 181–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., Owen, D. C., Roberts, A. E., & Koch, J. R. (2002a). College tattoos: More than skin deep. Dermatology Nursing, 14(5), 317–323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., Owen, D. C., Roberts, A. E., & Koch, J. R. (2002b). College students and tattoos: Influence of image, identity, family, and friends. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 40(10), 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., Roberts, A. E., Owen, D. C., & Koch, J. R. (2004a). Contemporary college students and body piercing. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 58–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., Roberts, A. E., Owen, D. C., & Koch, J. R. (2004b). Toward building a composite of college student influences with body art. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 27, 277–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, M. L., Koch, J. R., Saunders, J. C., Roberts, A. E., & Owen, D. C. (2007). The hole picture: Risks, decision making, purpose, regulations, and the future of body piercing. Clinics in Dermatology, 25, 398–406. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.05.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergh, L. (2016). Tattooing as memorial pragmemes. In K. Allan, A. Capone, & I. Kecskes (Eds.), Pragmemes and theories of language use (pp. 585–600). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43491-9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, M. (1994). Post-bourgeois tattoo: Reflections on skin writing in late capitalist societies. In L. Taylor (Ed.), visualizing theory: Selected essays from V.A.R (pp. 1990–1994). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottrell, D. (2007). Resistance, resilience, and social identities: Reframing ‘problem youth’ and the problem of schooling. Journal of Youth Studies, 10, 597–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brallier, S. A., Maguire, K. A., Smith, D. A., & Palm, L. J. (2011). Visible tattoos and employment in the restaurant service industry. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(6), 72–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmen, R. A., Guitar, A. E., & Dillon, H. M. (2012). Ultimate answers to proximate questions: The evolutionary motivations behind tattoos and body piercings in popular culture. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 134–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, L. R., Bevill, S., Roach, T., Glasgow, S., & Bracy, C. (2009). Body adornment: A comparison of the attitudes of business people and students in three states. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 13(1), 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degelman, D., & Price, N. D. (2002). Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90, 507–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deschesnes, M., Demers, S., & Fines, P. (2006). Prevalence and characteristics of body piercing and tattooing among high school students. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 97(4), 325–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, L., Dukes, R., Smith, H., & Strapko, N. (2014). Stigma of ink: Tattoo attitudes among college students. The Social Science Journal, 51, 268–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1). Retrieved from http://www.Ualberta.Ca/~iiqm/backissues/5_1/pdf/ fereday.Pdf.

  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firmin, M. W., Tse, L. M., Foster, J., & Angelini, T. (2008). Christian student perceptions of body tattoos: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27(3), 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firmin, M. W., Tse, L. M., Foster, J., & Angelini, T. (2012). External dynamics influencing tattooing among college students: A qualitative analysis. Journal of College Student Development, 53, 76–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. A. (2002). Tattooing the body, marking culture. Body and Society, 8(4), 91–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, G. B. (2001). College students with tattoos and piercings: Motives, family experiences, personality factors, and perception by others. Psychological Reports, 89, 774–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G. S., & Hummel, R. L. (2000). The commodification of body modification: Tattoos and piercings from counterculture to campus. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Midwest Sociological society, Chicago, 21 April 2000.

  • Garcia-Merritt, G. (2014). Inked lives: Tattoos, identity and power (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ames: Iowa State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greif, J., Hewitt, W., & Armstrong, M. L. (1999). Tattooing and body piercing: Body art practices among college students. Clinical Nursing Research, 8(4), 368–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grulich, A. E., De Visser, R. O., Smith, A. M. A., Rissel, C. E., & Richters, J. (2003). Sex in Australia: Injecting and sexual risk behaviour in a representative sample of adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 242–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guéguen, N. (2013). Effects of a tattoo on men’s behavior and attitudes towards women: An experimental field study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1517–1524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, D., Senn, C. Y., & Thorn, C. (2004). Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles, 50(9), 593–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Health Professions Council of South Africa. (2008). Guidelines for good practice in the health care professions: General ethical guidelines for health researchers. Pretoria: HPCSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, W., Patrick, K., Smith, A. M. A., Simpson, J. M., Pitss, M. K., Richters, J., et al. (2012). Who gets tattoos? Demographic and behavioral correlates of ever being tattooed in a representative sample of men and women. Annals of Epidemiology, 22, 51–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, B. M., Ogletree, S. M., & McCrary, K. M. (2016). Body modifications in college students: Considering gender, self-esteem, body appreciation, and reasons for tattoos. College Student Journal, 50(2), 246–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, F. J. (2006). Tattooing: Mind, body and spirit. The inner essence of the art. Sociological Viewpoints, 23, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, K., & Vidourek, R. (2007). University students’ involvement in body piercing and adherence to safe piercing practices: Do males and females differ? American Journal of Health Education, 38, 284–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, K. A., & Vidourek, R. A. (2013). Getting inked: Tattoo and risky behavioral involvement among university students. The Social Science Journal, 50, 540–546. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2013.09.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2004). Correlations of religious belief and practice with college students’ tattoo-related behavior. Psychological Reports, 94, 425–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Cannon, J. H., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2005). College students, tattooing, and the health belief model: Extending social psychological perspectives on youth culture and deviance. Sociological Spectrum, 25, 79–102. doi:10.1080/027321790500121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2010). Body art, deviance, and American college students. The Social Science Journal, 47, 151–161. doi:10.1016/j.socscij.2009.10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosut, M. (2000). Tattoo narratives: The intersection of the body, self-identity, and society. Visual Sociology, 15, 79–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading images. The grammar of visual design (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, A. E., & Derick, A. J. (2006). Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: A national data set. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 55, 413–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb, T. J., Jones, M. A., & Totten, J. W. (2008). Body art: Prevalence, search and evaluation among university business students. Services Marketing Quarterly, 29(4), 42–65. doi:10.1080/15332960802218745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, E., & Bergh, L. (2014). Tattooing amongst youth in Bloemfontein: Skin-deep communicative signs of a minority groups? Communitas, 19, 192–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkai, T., & McAllister, I. (2001). Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in the Australian community. Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report, 25, 67–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, D. M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millner, V. S., & Eichold, B. H. (2001). Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Clinical Nursing Research, 10(4), 424–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mun, J. M., Janigo, K. A., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2012). Tattoo and the self. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 30(2), 134–148. doi:10.1177/0887302X12449200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikora, L. W., & Awekotuku, N. T. (2002). Cultural tattoos: Meanings, descriptors, and attributions. The proceedings of the National Mãori Graduates of psychology symposium. Retrieved from http://researchcommons.waikato.Ac.Nz/bitstream/handle/10289/861/NMGPS_ 2002_Nikora1.Pdf?Sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quaranta, A., Napoli, C., Fasano, F., Montagna, C., Caggiano, G., & Montagna, M. T. (2011). Body piercing and tattoos: A survey on young adults’ knowledge of the risks and practices in body art. BioMed Central Public Health, 11, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resenhoeft, A., Villa, J., & Wiseman, D. (2008). Tattoos can harm perceptions: A study and suggestions. Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivardo, M. G., & Keelan, C. M. (2010). Body modifications, sexual activity, and religious practices. Psychological Reports, 106(2), 467–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberti, J. W., & Storch, E. A. (2005). Psychosocial adjustment of college students with tattoos and piercings. Journal of College Counseling, 8, 14–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roux, S. D. (2015). A multisemiotic analysis of ‘skinscapes’ of female students at three western Cape universities, Unpublished master’s thesis. Cape Town: University of the Western Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, C. (1989). Customizing the body: The art and culture of tattooing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, C., & Vail, D. A. (2008). Customizing the body: The art and culture of tattooing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, J., Karshin, C., & Woodiel, D. K. (2006). Body art: The decision making process among college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 21(2), 123–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, J. A., & Peters, C. (2008). An exploratory investigation of identity negotiation and tattoo removal. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 12(6), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, E., Silver, S. R., Siennick, S., & Farkas, G. (2011). Bodily signs of academic success: An empirical examination of tattoos and grooming. Social Problems, 58(4), 538–564. doi:10.1525/sp.2011.58.4.538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. (2011). Interpreting qualitative data (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, A. (2011). The tattooed therapist: Exposure, disclosure, transference. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 16(2), 113–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stirn, A., Oddo, S., Peregrinova, L., Philipp, S., & Hinz, A. (2011). Motivations for body piercings and tattoos – The role of sexual abuse and the frequency of body modifications. Psychiatry Research, 190, 359–363. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swami, V. (2011). Marked for life? A prospective study of tattoos on appearance anxiety and dissatisfaction, perceptions of uniqueness, and self-esteem. Body Image, 8, 237–244. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2007). Unattractive, promiscuous, and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos. Body Image, 4, 343–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Bertl, B., Nader, I. W., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2012). Personality differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals. Psychological Reports: Mental and Physical Health, 111(1), 97–106. doi:10.2466/09.07.21.PRO.111.4.97-106.

  • Tiggemann, M., & Golder, F. (2006). Tattooing: An expression of uniqueness in the appearance domain. Body Image, 3, 309–315. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.09.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., & Hopkins, L. A. (2011). Tattoos and piercings: Bodily expressions of uniqueness? Body Image, 8, 245–250. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiten, W. (2014). Psychology themes and variations (South African ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. E. (2008). Marks of identity: The performance of tattoos among women in contemporary American society (Unpublished master’s thesis). College Park: University of Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wymann, C. (2010). Tattoo: A multifaceted medium of communication. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 49, 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luzelle Naudé.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in this study (involving human participants) were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Naudé, L., Jordaan, J. & Bergh, L. “My Body is My Journal, and My Tattoos are My Story”: South African Psychology Students’ Reflections on Tattoo Practices. Curr Psychol 38, 177–186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9603-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9603-y

Keywords

Navigation