Skip to main content
Log in

Cognitions About Problematic Internet Use: the Importance of Negative Cognitive Stress Appraisals and Maladaptive Coping Strategies

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of cognitive appraisals of stress and coping strategies on cognitions about problematic Internet use have not been studied together in the literature. The Lazarus’s cognitive-relational theory is selected as the theoretical framework to further our understanding of problematic Internet use. The aim of the present study is to examine the mediator roles of uncontrollability appraisals of stress and maladaptive coping strategies on threat appraisals of stress and cognitions about problematic Internet use. The roles of negative stress appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies on the cognitions about problematic Internet Use are determined by using structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample of 549 Turkish university students. The results reveal that by playing a mediator role, both escape-avoidance and accepting responsibility maladaptive coping strategies were found to be related with uncontrollability and hence indirectly influenced the relationship between threat appraisal and cognitions about problematic Internet use. Examining the role of the negative stress appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies will provide a new starting point for further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andenaes, R., Kalfoss, M. H., & Wahl, A. K. (2006). Coping and psychological distress in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart and Lung, 35(1), 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2005.09.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). IBM SPSS Amos 21 user’s guide. Amos Development Corporation, SPSS Inc.

  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigatti, S. M., Wagner, C. D., Lydon-Lam, J. R., Steiner, J. L., & Miller, K. D. (2011). Depression in husbands of breast cancer patients: relationships to coping and social support. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19(4), 455–466. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0835-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303–316. doi:10.1177/0049124189017003004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, J. M., & Evans, J. E. (1984). Observations on uterine mast cells during early pregnancy in the vole, Microtus agrestis. Anatomical Record, 208(4), 515–520. doi:10.1002/ar.1092080407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Anderson & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Theory, research, application, and contexts (pp. 245–280). San Diego: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553–575. doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: a two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, S. E., & Turner, J. S. (2007). Bringing theory to research on computer-mediated comforting communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(2), 985–998. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C. (2001). Internet heavy use and addiction among Taiwanese college students: an online interview study. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 4(5), 573–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C., Condron, L., & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363–388. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C., & Hsiao, M.-C. (2000). Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case. Computers & Education, 35(1), 65–80. doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(00)00019-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2002). Validation of a new scale for measuring problematic Internet use: implications for pre-employment screening. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5(4), 331–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, A. C., Mills, J. E., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., et al. (2008). Internet addiction: meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996–2006. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3027–3044. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durak, M., & Senol-Durak, E. (2013). The development and psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the stress appraisal measure. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 64–71. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment, 6(1), 50–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S. (2008). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 21(1), 3–14. doi:10.1080/10615800701740457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150–170. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986a). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986b). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 571–579. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. S., & Parsons, J. (2001). Internet addiction: college student case study using best practices in cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23(4), 312–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, R. L., Lu, Z., Liu, J. J., You, Y. M., Pan, Z. Q., Wei, Z., et al. (2009). Features and predictors of problematic internet use in Chinese college students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(5), 485–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social ınvolvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaRose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Gregg, J. (2001). Reformulating the Internet paradox: social cognitive explanations of Internet use and depression. Journal of Online Behavior.

  • LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated internet usage: addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. In H. Yuri (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 39–65). USA: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Wang, J., & Wang, L. (2009). A survey on the generalized problematic Internet use in Chinese college students and its relations to stressful life events and coping style. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(2), 333–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manne, S. L. (1999). Intrusive thoughts and psychological distress among cancer patients: the role of spouse avoidance and criticism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(4), 539–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meerkerk, G. J., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Franken, I. H. A., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2010). Is compulsive internet use related to sensitivity to reward and punishment, and impulsivity? Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 729–735. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P. (2000). Internet addiction: genuine diagnosis or not? Lancet, 355(9204), 632. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72500-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozcan, N. K., & Buzlu, S. (2007). Internet use and its relation with the psychosocial situation for a sample of university students. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(6), 767–772.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1990). The stress appraisal measure (SAM): a multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6(3), 227–236. doi:10.1002/smi.2460060308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551–603. doi:10.1023/a:1020641400589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratarelli, M. E., Browne, B. L., & Johnson, K. (1999). The bits and bytes of computer/Internet addiction: a factor analytic approach. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(2), 305–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roesch, S. C., & Rowley, A. A. (2005). Evaluating and developing a multidimensional, dispositional measure of appraisal. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 188–196. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senol-Durak, E., & Durak, M. (2010). The mediator roles of life satisfaction and self-esteem between the affective components of psychological well-being and the cognitive symptoms of problematic internet use. Social Indicators Research, 103(1), 23–32. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9694-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senol-Durak, E., & Durak, M. (2012). Turkish validation of the dispositional form of stress appraisal measure. Education and Science, 37(165), 48–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senol-Durak, E., Durak, M., & Elagoz, F. O. (2011). Testing the psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) in Turkish university students and community samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(2), 172–185. doi:10.1002/cpp.677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 267–272. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00107-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spada, M. M., Langston, B., Nikčević, A. V., & Moneta, G. B. (2008). The role of metacognitions in problematic Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 2325–2335. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C., Yang, Y. C., et al. (2009). The risk factors of Internet addiction—a survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167(3), 294–299. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (2011). Life on the screen. Simon and Schuster.

  • Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C., Scholte, R. H., Meerkerk, G.-J., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: a diathesis-stress model based on big five personality traits. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), 765–776.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walther, J. B., & Boyd, S. (2002). Attraction to computer-mediated social support. In C. A. Lin & D. Atkin (Eds.), Communication technology and society: Audience adoption and uses (pp. 153–188). Cresskill: Hampton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006). Why are adolescents addicted to online gaming? An interview study in Taiwan. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(6), 762–766. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, E. B. (2001). The functions of Internet use and their social and psychological consequences. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4(6), 723–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, M., & Dorman, S. M. (2001). Receiving social support online: implications for health education. Health Education Research, 16(6), 693–707. doi:10.1093/her/16.6.693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. (2002). Social support within an on-line cancer community: an assessment of emotional support, perceptions of advantages and disadvantages, and motives for using the community from a communication perspective. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(3), 195–209. doi:10.1080/00909880216586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, S. C., & Tung, C.-J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 79–96. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yellowlees, P. M., & Marks, S. (2007). Problematic Internet use or Internet addiction? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1447–1453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation and treatment. In L. V. D. Creek & X. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 17) (pp. 19–31). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emre Senol-Durak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Senol-Durak, E., Durak, M. Cognitions About Problematic Internet Use: the Importance of Negative Cognitive Stress Appraisals and Maladaptive Coping Strategies. Curr Psychol 36, 350–357 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9424-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9424-4

Keywords

Navigation