Skip to main content
Log in

Minding the Gaps: the Adolescent’s Experience in Front of the Mirror

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship of individuals to their image as reflected in the mirror raises a range of thoughts and emotions. Adolescence is a period of rapid change in self- and body image and therefore it may be assumed that the mirror scene may be charged with intense thoughts and emotions about oneself. The aim of this study was to explore what motivates adolescents to approach the mirror and the meaning of this experience. Recalled thoughts and emotions while being in front of a mirror were collected from 30 healthy adolescents to study this phenomenon. Qualitative analysis and coding of interview transcripts were conducted and as a result, three themes were identified: motives for approaching the mirror; adolescents’ experiences of ‘gaps’ and their attempts to cope with them; and processing identity issues. A model that describes the motivation and the meanings of adolescents’ going to and away from the mirror is proposed and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bearman, S. K., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 217–229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. T., & Dittmar, H. (2011). Does media type matter? The role of identification in adolescent girls’ media consumption and the impact of different thin-ideal media on body image. Sex Roles, 65, 478–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. (1998). Qualitative research in education: an introduction to theory and methods (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhl-Nielsen, B. (2006). Mirrors, body image and self. International Congress Series, 1286, 87–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 39–47). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. E. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance, and change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, P. J., Felland, L. E., Ginsburg, P. B., & Pham, H. H. (2011). Qualitative methods: a crucial tool for understanding changes in health systems and health care delivery. Medical Care Research and Review, 68, 34–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delinsky, S. S., & Wilson, G. T. (2006). Mirror exposure for the treatment of body image disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 108–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 1–32). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkind, D. (1985). Egocentrism redux. Developmental Review, 5, 218–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fejfar, M. C., & Hoyle, R. H. (2000). Effect of private self-awareness on negative affect and self-referent attribution: a quantitative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 132–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: a meta‐analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P., & Robinson-O’Brien, R. (2008). Child versus parent report of parental influences on children’s weight-related attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 783–788.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (2003). The development of self-representations during childhood and adolescence. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 610–642). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. C. (2001). Social comparison and body image: attractiveness comparisons to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles, 45, 645–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kernberg, P. (2006). Beyond the reflection: The role of the mirror paradigm in clinical practice. New York: Other Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Key, A., George, C. L., Beattie, D., Stammers, K., Lacey, H., & Waller, G. (2002). Body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa: the role of mirror exposure in the desensitization process. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 185–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, M., & Nixon, E. (2011). Body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys and girls: the effects of body mass, peer appearance culture and internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 59–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2002). Body image development in adolescence. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 74–81). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markey, C. N. (2010). Invited commentary: why body image is important to adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1387–1391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J., & Sokol, B. (2011). Generalized others and imaginary audiences: a neo-meadian approach to adolescent egocentrism. New Ideas in Psychology, 29, 364–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2005). A prospective study of pressures from parents, peers, and the media on extreme weight change behaviors among adolescent boys and girls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 653–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, N. M. (2011). Feminist perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 48–55). New York: The Guilford Press.

  • Moreno-Domínguez, S., Rodríguez-Ruiz, S., Fernández-Santaella, M. C., Jansen, A., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2012). Pure versus guided mirror exposure to reduce body dissatisfaction: a preliminary study with university women. Body Image, 9, 285–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P. J., Perry, C. L., & Irving, L. M. (2002). Weight-related concerns and behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: implications for prevention weight-related disorders. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 171–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pletsch, P. K., Johnson, M. K., Tosi, C. B., Thurston, C. A., & Riesch, S. K. (1991). Self-image among early adolescents: revisited. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 8, 215–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruzinsky, T., & Cash, T. F. (2002). Understanding body images: Historical and contemporary perspectives. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 3–12). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2011). Body image development in adolescent boys. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 85–92). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Kuczkowski, R. (1994). The imaginary audience, self‐consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 62, 219–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolak, L. (2004). Body image in children and adolescents: where do we go from here? Body Image, 1(1), 15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolak, L. (2011). Body image development in childhood. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 67–75). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M. (2011). Sociocultural perspectives on human appearance and body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 12–19). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veale, D., & Riley, S. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1381–1393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vocks, S., Wächter, A., Wucherer, M., & Kosfelder, J. (2008). Look at yourself: can body image therapy affect the cognitive and emotional response to seeing oneself in the mirror in eating disorders? European Eating Disorders Review, 16, 147–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2011). Body image development in adolescent girls. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 76–84). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. (1971). Mirror-role of mother and family in child development. In D. Winnicott (Ed.), Playing and reality (pp. 111–118). London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., Mellor, D., Kiehne, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., & Xu, Y. (2010). Body dissatisfaction, engagement in body change behaviors and sociocultural influences on body image among Chinese adolescents. Body Image, 7, 156–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Eliane Sommerfeld or Moshe Bensimon.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Ariel University.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

Eliane Sommerfeld declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Moshe Bensimon declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Mira Lutzman declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sommerfeld, E., Bensimon, M. & Lutzman, M. Minding the Gaps: the Adolescent’s Experience in Front of the Mirror. Curr Psychol 36, 76–83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9386-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9386-y

Keywords

Navigation