Abstract
Diaspora philanthropy describes the phenomenon that diasporas who live away from their home countries remain connected to their homelands and thus are motivated to give back to their countries of origin. The literature on diaspora philanthropy is growing, and multiple types of intermediary organizations have been identified, usually through single case studies. However, there is a need to systematically document the types and characteristics of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy. This research uses a systematic literature review to define, summarize, and categorize intermediary organizations. Three main types of organizations emerged: nonprofit, government, and for-profit organizations. The nonprofit sector is seen as the primary type and contains five more specific categories of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy. This research presents the current landscape of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy and paves the way for future research on relevant topics.
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Appendix: Peer-reviewed articles focused on intermediary organizations
Appendix: Peer-reviewed articles focused on intermediary organizations
Abdalla, F. M., Omar, M. A., & Badr, E. E. (2016). Contribution of Sudanese medical diaspora to the healthcare delivery system in Sudan: Exploring options and barriers. Human Resources for Health, 14, 65–77. https://sacredheart.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=116788580&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed 22 Mar 2022.
Amagoh, F., & Rahman, T. (2016). Tapping into the potential of academic diaspora for homeland development: The case of Nigeria. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0376-y
Appe, S. (2020). Beyond the professionalized nongovernmental organization: Life-history narratives of grassroots philanthropic leaders in Africa. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 31(2), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21434
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2008). Diaspora Philanthropy in an at-risk society: The case of Coptic orphans in Egypt. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(3), 411–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764007310423
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2014). Diaspora philanthropy: Lessons from a demographic analysis of the Coptic diaspora. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(6), 969–992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013488835
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2019). Diaspora policy in weakly governed arenas and the benefits of multipolar engagement: Lessons from the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 45(4), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409168
Dickinson, J. (2020). Visualising the foreign and the domestic in diaspora diplomacy: Images and the online politics of recognition in #givingtoindia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 33(5), 752–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2020.1741512
Duquette-Rury, L. (2014). Collective remittances and transnational coproduction: The 3 × 1 program for migrants and household access to public goods in Mexico. Studies in Comparative International Development, 49(1), 112–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-014-9153-3
Evans, M. (2010). Primary patriotism, shifting identity: Hometown associations in Manyu Division, South-West Cameroon. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 80(3), 397–425. https://doi.org/10.2307/40961443
Fleisch, E. (2020). Green lines, red lines, and company lines: The United Israel appeal and the question of permissible American Jewish giving over the green line. Israel Studies, 25(1), 198–221. https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.25.1.09
Garbin, D. (2019). Sacred remittances: Money, migration and the moral economy of development in a transnational African church. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 45(11), 2045–2061. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1433528
Garcia, A. I. L. (2020). The 3x1 Programme and criminal violence in Mexico. Global Networks, 20(4), 625. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12248
Joseph, S. M., IrazA bal, C., & DA@sir, A. M. (2018). Trust and hometown associations in Haitian post-earthquake reconstruction. International Migration, 56(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12353
Koff, H. (2017). Diaspora philanthropy in the context of policy coherence for development: Implications for the post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. International Migration, 55(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12277
Krasniqi, B. A., & Williams, N. (2019). Migration and intention to return: Entrepreneurial intentions of the diaspora in post-conflict economies. Post-Communist Economies, 31(4), 464–483. https://sacredheart.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=136745486&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed 20 Mar 2022.
Kshetri, N., Rojas-Torres, D., & Cardona Acevedo, M. (2015). Diaspora networks, non-economic remittances and entrepreneurship development: Evidence from some economies in Latin America. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 1–18. https://sacredheart.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=1520791&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed 28 Mar 2022.
Mazzucato, V., & Kabki, M. (2009). Small is beautiful: The micro-politics of transnational relationships between Ghanaian hometown associations and communities back home. Global Networks, 9(2), 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00252.x
Mohan, G. (2006). Embedded cosmopolitanism and the politics of obligation: The Ghanaian diaspora and development. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38(5), 867–883. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37216
Nanda, R., & Khanna, T. (2010). Diasporas and domestic entrepreneurs: Evidence from the Indian software industry. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 19(4), 991–1012. https://sacredheart.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=1148681&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed 1 Mar 2022.
Nkongolo-Bakenda, J.-M., & Chrysostome, E. (2013). Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 30–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-012-0098-1
Nwadiuko, J., James, K., Switze, G. E., Stern, J., & Switzer, G. E. (2016). Giving back: A mixed methods study of the contributions of US-Based Nigerian physicians to home country health systems. Globalization & Health, 12, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0165-9
Orozco, M., & Garcia-Zanello, E. (2009). Hometown associations: Transnationalism, philanthropy, and development. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 15(2), 57–73. https://sacredheart.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.24590842&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed 1 Mar 2022.
Osaghae, O.-G., & Cooney, T. M. (2020). Exploring the relationship between immigrant enclave theory and transnational diaspora entrepreneurial opportunity formation. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 46(10), 2086–2105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1560001
Park, C.-H., & Chu, H. (2018). Exploration on factors influencing Korean diaspora entrepreneurs’ investment in the homeland: Evaluation of the WKBC and the WKBN. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 338–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-09-2018-0051
Shaul Bar Nissim, H. (2019). “New diaspora philanthropy”? The philanthropy of the UJA-Federation of New York toward Israel. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(4), 839–858. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764019828048
Sheffer, G. (1986). A new field of study: Modern diasporas in international politics. Modern Diasporas in International Politics, 8.
Styan, D. (2007). The security of Africans beyond borders: Migration, remittances, and London’s transnational entrepreneurs. International Affairs, 83(6), 1171–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00680.x
Williams, N. (2018). Mobilising diaspora to promote homeland investment: The progress of policy in post-conflict economies. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(7), 1256–1279. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654417752684
Zapata-Barrero, R., & Hellgren, Z. (2020). Harnessing the potential of Moroccans living abroad through diaspora policies? Assessing the factors of success and failure of a new structure of opportunities for transnational entrepreneurs. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 46(10), 2027–2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1559997
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Chen, X., Sanford, B. Intermediary Organizations for Diaspora Philanthropy: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. Migration & Integration (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-024-01124-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-024-01124-1