Skip to main content
Log in

Cultural Adaptation as a Sense-Making Experience: International Students in China

  • Published:
Journal of International Migration and Integration Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

China has recently become one of the world’s largest receiving countries of international students. While China has practiced its open-door policy for the past 30 years, its sociocultural structure and practices may still be mostly unfathomable to the rest of the world. The goal of the present research is to find how international students perceive and identify with the Chinese sociocultural structure. Drawing upon a group of international students’ self-reports in China, this article examines what dimensions of the Chinese sociocultural structure international students may most (or least) likely identify with. In contrast to most existing studies on culture learning and intercultural adaptation, this article demonstrates that international students’ cultural adaptation is a subjective, sense-making, and culture-specific experience in China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. All the quoted self-reports are original including grammatical errors.

References

  • Adler, P. S. (1975). The transitional experience: an alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: a developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1985). Psychological adaptation of foreign students in Canada. In R. Samuda & A. Wolfgang (Eds.), Intercultural Counseling (pp. 235–248). Toronto: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied psychology, An International Review, 46(1), 5–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, S. Y., & Leung, H. H. (2011). Making a home in US rural towns: the significations of home for recent Chinese immigrants’ work, family, and settlement in local communities. Community, Work, and Family, 14(4), 469–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, S. Y., & Mi, H. F. (2011). Reformulation: a verbal display of interlanguage awareness in instructional interactions. Language Awareness, 20(2), 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuligni, A. J., Yip, T., & Tseng, V. (2002). The impact of family obligations on the daily activities and psychological well-being of Chinese American adolescents. Journal of Child Development, 73(1), 302–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. (1993). Communicating in foreign lands: the cause, consequences and cures of culture shock. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 6, 91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (1984). Distinguished lecture: anti anti-relativism. American Anthropologist, 86(2), 263–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1988). Strangers and hosts: an uncertainty reduction based theory of intercultural adaptation. In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: current approaches (pp. 106–139). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannigan, T. (1997). Homesickness and acculturation stress in the international student. In M. A. L. Van Tilburg & A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets (Eds.), Psychological aspects of geographic movement (pp. 71–81). Tilburg: University of Tilburg Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, S. P. (2004). Who are we? Challenges to America’s national identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (1995). Cross-cultural adaption: an integrative theory. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural Communication Theory (pp. 170–194). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: an integrated theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Adapting to a new culture: an integrative communication theory. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 375–400). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2008). Intercultural personhood: globalization and a way of being. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 359–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y., Lujan, P., & Dixon, L. D. (1998). “I can walk both ways” identity integration of American Indians in Oklahoma. Human Communication Research, 25(2), 252–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. H. (1977). Adaptation to new cultural environments. In D. S. Hoopes, P. B. Pedersen, & G. Renwick (Eds.), Overview of Intercultural Education, Training, and Research (Vol. 1). LaGrange Park, Illinois: Intercultural Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, E. M. (2000). Cultural fusion and the defense of difference. In M. K. Asante & J. E. Min (Eds.), Socio-cultural conflict between African and Korean Americans (pp. 182–223). New York, NY: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysgaand, S. (1955). Adjustment in foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 58–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macready, C. and C. Tucker (2011). Who goes where and why? An overview and analysis of global educational mobility. (Institute of International Education).

  • Morrison, J., Merrick, B., Higgs, S., & Le Métais, J. (2005). Researching the performance of international students in the UK. Studies in Higher Education, 30(3), 327–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock: adjustment to new cultural environment. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 137–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbaum, F., Morelli, G., Pott, M., & Liu-Constant, Y. (2000). Immigrant-Chinese and Euro-American parents’ physical closeness with young children: themes of family relatedness. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 334–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, B., & Kealey, D. (1979). Behavioral assessment of communication competency and the prediction of cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 3(1), 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sodowsky, G. R., & Plake, B. S. (1992). A study of acculturation differences among international people and suggestions for sensitivity to within-group differences. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. (1994). A learning model for becoming interculturally competent. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 389–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1977). Interpersonal behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J. L., Ying, Y. W., & Lee, P. A. (2000). The meaning of ‘Being Chinese’ and ‘Being American’: variation among Chinese American young adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 302–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Chang, W. C. (1997). “Cultural fit:” a new perspective on personality and sojourner adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 525–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1992). Locus of control, mood disturbance, and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 175–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993a). Psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 129–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993b). Where’s the “culture” in cross-cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 221–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Searle, W. (1991). The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15(2), 209–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Goodson, P. (2011). Predictors of international students’ psychosocial adjustment to life in the United States: a systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 139–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, X., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Psychological adaptation of Chinese sojourners in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 451–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y. F., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K., & Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 33(1), 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, S. (1995). Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus. Communication Education, 44, 321–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to offer his heartfelt thanks to the two anonymous referees for their timely, constructive feedback. This research is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41371161).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shiao-Yun Chiang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chiang, SY. Cultural Adaptation as a Sense-Making Experience: International Students in China. Int. Migration & Integration 16, 397–413 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0346-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0346-4

Keywords

Navigation