Abstract
The city of Goma, situated in the Eastern Congolese borderland, evolved and expanded at the heart of a protracted violent conflict that afflicts the Kivu Region since the early 1990s. In a general context of state decline and profound informalisation, Goma developed itself largely outside the direct scope of the central state, along informal ways of regulation, hybrid modes of governance and fragmented paths of urbanisation. This situation promoted the emergence of parallel power- and regulatory networks and new alliances among urban elites. In urban regulatory practices, the Congolese state is increasingly challenged by other alternative sites of power such as armed groups, a powerful business elite and an increasing presence of international non-governmental organisations. Justice, security, land allocation, water provision, etc. are all ‘arranged’ by these hybrid institutions. Goma’s current reality corresponds to what has been described in recent political scientists’ literature as ‘hybrid governance’ or a situation where local power and authority are negotiated between multiple stakeholders. The main argument of this paper is, however, that these alternative modes of urban governance, in which the urban political and socioeconomic space is no longer dominated by a coordinating state structure, are often translated in the form of a strongly contested governance rather than a mere ‘negotiated’ governance. This paper demonstrates that the transformation of urban governance in a context of state failure and violent conflict has turned the city of Goma into a highly fragmented urban space, where power and authority over political, economic and sociospatial resources are being contested between different conflicting forces.
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For example, the office of UN Habitat situated in Goma at present has no particular programme running that concerned with urban planning as its main focus is on land conflicts in the surrounding rural areas.
For a detailed analysis of the development of this ‘humanitarian sector’ in Goma and its political, economic, social and spatial impact in the urban space, see Büscher and Vlassenroot (2010).
Literally ‘those coming from Rwanda’, denominator for Hutu and Tutsi that have their origins in Rwanda and arrived in Goma and the Kivu provinces in general through different migration waves, since colonial times. Because of the cities’ border location and a long history of transborder migration, there is a large Banyarwanda community present in Goma. This Banyarwanda community came to occupy a political and economic privileged position since the start of the first Congolese war and especially between 1998 and 2003 when Goma functioned as the headquarters of the Rwandan-backed RCD rebel movement (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie).
Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple, former Rebel movement led by the Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda, that between 2004 and 2010 took up arms against the Congolese army and the Rwandan rebel movement Forces Démocratiques de Liberation du Rwanda, justifying their acts in the name of protection of the Congolese Tutsi population in North and South Kivu.
For example, of all international organisations working on ‘conflits fonciers’ in Goma in 2010, not a single one had integrated an urban dimension in its programmes.
Referring to the law of 1973 who foresees the ‘cohabitation’ of two legal systems: one based on the juridical principals and the other on traditional practices. On the one hand, the traditional authority or ‘Mwami’ is the tenant of communal land, on which he has the authority to distribute it to the population. On the other hand, the law assigns all power to the administrative authorities that can confiscate the land, being property of the state.
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Büscher, K. Urban Governance Beyond the State: Practices of Informal Urban Regulation in the City of Goma, Eastern D.R. Congo. Urban Forum 23, 483–499 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-012-9170-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-012-9170-0