Skip to main content
Log in

Understanding the everyday processes of aging in urban Delhi

  • Published:
Ageing International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gerontological literature in India has primarily focused on the macro processes of aging. Studies on population aging have examined themes such as health outcomes, financial arrangements and alternate caregiving arrangements in different parts of India. Though these studies have highlighted important issues surrounding aging, nonetheless the more micro perspectives such as the everyday processes of aging have remained under explored in India. In fact, studies on perceptions of aging have indicated that generally older Indians associate aging with disengagement, withdrawal and death. While studies on older Indians have projected them as detached and accepting decline, nonetheless this sort of a generalization is not true for all older Indians. Drawing from in-depth qualitative interviews and detailed narratives this study examines the lived experiences of aging in urban Delhi, India to understand the complex processes of growing old. Findings from the study suggest that older adults in urban Delhi are developing their own “selves” to determine their process of aging. Adopting a socio-gerontological lens and building on the Successful Aging model and the Dramaturgical Theory this study will demonstrate how the experience of aging and intergenerational relationships are changing in urban settings. Finally the study will also indicate how gender dynamics are shaped in later ages among older Indians in the urban context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alam, M. (2004). Ageing, old age income security and reforms: An exploration of Indian situation. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(33), 3731–3740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam, M., & Mukherjee, M. (2005). Ageing, activities of daily living disabilities and the need for public health initiatives: Some evidence from a household survey in Delhi. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 20(2), 47–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babbie, E. (2012). Research Methods in Sociology. New Delhi: Cengage Delmar Learning India Pvt..

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, A. K., & Dhruvarajan, R. (2001). Ageing in India: drifting intergenerational relations, challenges and options. Ageing & Society, 21(5), 621–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, G. (2014). India’s Seniors Drive a New Wave. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2014/05/04/indias-seniors-drive-a-new-wave-of-business.html. Accessed on 12.10.2017.

  • Bhattacharjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods and Practices. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oa_textbooks.

  • Biggs, S. (2004). Age, gender, narratives, and masquerades. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1), 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaikie, A. (2006). The search for aging identities. In S. O. Daatland & S. Biggs (Eds.), Ageing and Diversity: Multiple Pathways and Cultural Migrations (pp. 79–95). United Kingdom: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2010). Implications of population ageing for economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 583–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadha, N. K. (2004). Understanding intergenerational relationships in India. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 2(3–4), 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadha, N. K., Chao, D., Mir, U. A., & Bhatia, H. (2005). Structure of social network of the elderly in Delhi. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 19, 307–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A. (2011). Vulnerability of Widows in India: Need for Inclusion. International Journal of Social and Economic Research, 1(1), 124–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary, P. (2016). Maximum people from Bihar migrate to Delhi. Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Maximum-people-from-Bihar-migrate-to-Delhi/articleshow/51590085.cms. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Chen, M.A. and Drèze, J. (1992). “Widowhood and Well-Being in Rural North India.” In Monica.

  • Chokkanathan, S. (2013). Religiosity and well-being of older adults in Chennai, India. Aging & Mental Health, 17(7), 880–887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. (1998). No aging in India: Alzheimer, the bad family, and other modern things. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach. USA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai, P. I. (1965). Some Aspects of Family in Mahuva; a Sociological Study of Jointness in a Small Town. New York: Asia Pub. House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon, P. K. (1992). Psycho-social aspects of Aging in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, J. J. (2012). Aging and the course of desire. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(3), 285–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, V. D. (2011). The dream of Delhi as a global city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(3), 533–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economic Survey. (2016–17). http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/fb9637804054cde1be5efea1527a7156/Chapter+5+Table.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-882774580&CACHEID=fb9637804054cde1be5efea1527a7156. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Fact Sheet on Foreign Direct Investment. (2014). http://dipp.nic.in/sites/default/files/india_FDI_May2014_0.pdf. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Featherstone, M. (1991). The Body in Consumer Culture. In M. Featherstone, M. Hepworth, & B. S. Turner (Eds.), The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory (pp. 170–196). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangopadhyay, J., & Samanta, T. (2017). ‘Family matters’: Ageing and the intergenerational social contract in urban Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 51(3), 338–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, H. L., Yadav, M., Sundarka, M. K., Talwar, V., Saini, M., & Garg, P. (2002). A study of prevalence of health problems in asymptomatic elderly individuals in Delhi. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 50, 792–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havighurst, R. J. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1(1), 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindu Business Line. (2015). Maharashtra, NCR attract 49% of FDI inflows into India. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/maharashtra-ncr-attract-49-of-fdi-inflows-into-india/article6871003.ece. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Indian Express. (2015). A city with room for migrants, if not a roof over their heads. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/a-city-with-room-for-migrants-if-not-a-roof-over-their-heads/. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Ingle, G. K., & Nath, A. (2008). Geriatric health in India: Concerns and solutions. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(4), 214–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, K. S. (1994). Indian Elderly: Asset or Liability? Economic and Political Weekly, 29(36), 2335–2339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, K., Kumar, R., & Avasthi, A. (2003). Morbidity profile and its relationship with disability and psychological distress among elderly people in Northern India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(6), 978–987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalavar, J. M., & Jamuna, D. (2011). Aging of Indian women in India: The experience of older women in formal care homes. Journal of Women & Aging, 23(3), 203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapadia, K. M. (1959). The family in transition. Sociological Bulletin, 8(2), 68–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, S. R. (1986). The Ageless Self. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. Z. (1997). Elderly in Metropolis. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (1997). The making and unmaking of persons: Notes on aging and gender in North India. Ethos, 25(3), 279–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2000). White saris and sweet mangoes: Aging, gender, and body in North India. Berkley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2005). Cultural and moral values surrounding care and (in) dependence in late life: reflections from India in an era of global modernity. Care Management Journals, 6(2), 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. E. (2009). Aging and the Indian diaspora: Cosmopolitan families in India and abroad. Indiana: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2013). In/dependence, Intergenerational Uncertainty, and the Ambivalent State: Perceptions of Old Age Security in India. Journal of South Asia, 36(1), 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2014). Permanent personhood or meaningful decline? Toward a critical anthropology of successful aging. Journal of Aging Studies, (29), 41–52.

  • Liebig, P. S., & Irudaya Rajan, S. (Eds.). (2003). An Aging India: Perspectives, Prospects and Policies. USA: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marson, S. M., & Powell, R. M. (2014). Goffman and the infantilization of elderly persons: a theory in development. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 41(4), 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matta, A. (2017). Family for hire: Old and lonely? Here’s company, and help, you can get for a fee. The Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/weekend/old-alone-seniors-are-paying-just-to-have-someone-to-chat-with-over-chai/stor12KZDvEL1iOX51XWGwTD6M.html. Accessed on 09.10.2017.

  • Menec, V. H. (2003). The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: A 6-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(2), S74–S82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, H. (2009). From successful aging to conscious aging. In J. Sokolovsky (Ed.), The cultural context of aging: Worldwide perspectives (3rd ed., pp. 67–76). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten, B. L., Gurin, D., Leiberman, M., & Gutman, D. (1963). Personality and patterns of aging. New York: Atherton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal, S. (2004). Do children act as old age security in rural India? Evidence from an analysis of elderly living arrangements. Cardiff Business School: Cardiff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal, S. (2007). Intergenerational Transfers and Elderly Coresidence with Adult Children in Rural India. IZA discussion paper. 2847. University of Bonn, Germany.

  • Pal, S., and Palacios, R. (2008). Understanding Poverty among the Elderly in India; Implications for Social Pension Policy. IZA discussion paper. 3431. University of Bonn, Germany.

  • Prakash, I. J. (1999). Ageing in India (p. 9). Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quadagno, J., & Knapp, S. J. (1992). Have Historical Sociologists Forsaken Theory? Thoughts on the History/Theory Relationship. Sociological Methods and Research, 20(4), 481–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, S. I., & Kumar, S. (2003). Living arrangements among Indian elderly: new evidence from national family health survey. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(1), 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramamurti, P. V. (2003). Perspectives of research on aging in India. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 15(2–3), 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, P. A. (2004). Problems of Widows in India. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful. Science, 237, 143–149.

  • Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanova, J. (2010). Discourse of successful aging in The Globe & Mail: Insights from critical gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 24(4), 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saggurti, N., Nair, S., & Roy, T. (2005). A socio-demographic analysis of size and structure family in India. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 36(4), 623–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samanta, T., & Gangopadhyay, J. (2017). Social Capital, Interrupted: Sociological Reflections from Old Age Homes in Ahmedabad, India. In T. Samanta (Ed.), Cross-Cultural and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Social Gerontology, 109–124. Springer India.

  • Shah, A. M. (1973). The household dimension of the family in India. New Delhi: Orient Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A. P., Kumar, K. L., & Reddy, C. P. K. (2012). Psychiatric morbidity in geriatric population in old age homes and community: a comparative study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(1), 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Times of India. (2013). Most migrants in Delhi still from UP, but Bihar’s share rising fast. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Most-migrants-in-Delhi-still-from-UP-but-Bihars-share-rising-fast/articleshow/22198225.cms. Accessed on 3.05.2017.

  • Tyagi, R., Kapoor, S., & Kumar Kapoor, A. (2005). Body composition and fat distribution pattern of urban elderly females, Delhi, India. Collegium Antropologicum, 29(2), 493–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uberoi, P. (2005). The Family in India. In K. Mala (Ed.), Writing the Women's Movement: A Reader (pp. 360–399). New Delhi: Zubaan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Willigen, J., & Chadha, N. K. (1999). Social aging in a Delhi neighborhood. Greenwood Publishing Group.

  • Van Willigen, J., & Chadha, N. K. (2003). Social networks of old people in India: Research and policy. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 15(2–3), 109–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Willigen, J., Kedia, S., & Chadha, N. K. (1995). Personal networks and sacred texts: Social aging in Delhi, India. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 10(3), 175–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vatuk, S. (1980). Withdrawal and disengagement as a cultural response to aging in India. In C. L. Fry (Ed.), Aging in culture and society: Comparative viewpoints and strategies (pp. 126–148). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vatuk, S. (1990). To be a burden on others. Dependency anxiety among the elderly in India. In O. M. Lynch (Ed.), Divine passions: The social construction of emotion in India (pp. 64–90). Berkley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, S. K., & Satayanarayana, A. (2013). Process of intergenerational ambivalence: A qualitative inquiry. Marriage & Family Review, 49(8), 737–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, H. W., Deeg, D., & Litwin, H. (2016). Successful Ageing as a persistent priority in ageing research. European Journal of Aging, 13(1), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jagriti Gangopadhyay.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

All the authors of the paper declare that they have no conflict of interest with each other.

Informed consent

“Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.”

Ethical Treatment of Experimental Subjects (Animal and Human)

“All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.”

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gangopadhyay, J., Bapna, N., Jain, A. et al. Understanding the everyday processes of aging in urban Delhi. Ageing Int 45, 255–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-018-9329-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-018-9329-7

Keywords

Navigation