Abstract
Retirement is an important life-cycle marker and has a major impact on an individual’s functioning. Based upon the social convoy model, it is hypothesized that retirement decreases the likelihood of continuation of coworker relationships. Socio-emotional selectivity theory predicts a decline in the number of peripheral relationships with ageing and thereby a decline in network size and number of co-worker relationships among working and retired people. Data comes from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, with five observations between 1992 and 2002. At baseline, 226 men aged 54–81 years were employed; 166 men retired in the course of the study. The results of multilevel regression analyses showed a stable network size for both working and retired men. Among all men, the number of work-related network members declined, but more strongly among retirees. It is concluded that the convoy model fits better with the data than does socio-emotional selectivity theory.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 519–527.
Bossé, R., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (1993). Change in social support after retirement: Longitudinal findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 210–217.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socio-emotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331–338.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S.T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socio-emotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181.
Cattell, V. (2001). Poor people, poor places, and poor health: The mediating role of social networks and social capital. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 1501–1516.
Cochran, M., Larner, M., Riley, D., Gunnarson, L., & Henderson, C. R. (1990). Extending families: The social networks of parents and their children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crawford, M. (1971). Retirement and disengagement. Human Relations, 24, 255–278.
Deeg, D. J. H., van Tilburg, T. G., Smit, J. H., & De Leeuw, E. D. (2002). Attrition in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: The effect of differential inclusion in side studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 319–328.
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1985). Perspectives on the life course. In G. H. Elder Jr. (Ed.), Life course dynamics, trajectories, and transitions, 1968–1980. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Falk, A., Hanson, B. S., Isacsson, S.O., & Östergen, P.-O. (1992). Job strain and mortality in elderly men: Social network, support, and influence as buffers. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1136–1139.
Gall, T. L., Evans, D. R., & Howard, J. (1997). The retirement adjustment process: Changes in the well-being of male retirees across time. Journal of Gerontology, 52B, 110–117.
Guillemard, A.-M., & Rein, M. (1993). Comparative patterns of retirement: Recent trends in developed countries. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 469–503.
Hagestad, G. O., & Neugarten, B. L. (1985). Age and the life course. In R.H. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (Vol. 2, pp. 35–61). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Hurwicz, M. L., Durham, C. C., Boyd-Davis, S. L., Gatz, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1992). Salient life events in three-generation families. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 11–13.
Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1981). Convoys of social support: A life course approach. In S. B. Kiesler, J. N. Morgan & V. K. Oppenheimer (Eds.), Aging: Social change (pp. 383–405). New York: Academic.
Knipscheer, C. P. M., De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (Eds.) (1995). Living arrangements and social networks of older adults. Amsterdam: VU University Press.
Lang, F. R. (2001). Regulation of social relationships in later adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 56B, 321–326.
Mein, G., Martikainen, P., Hemingway, H., Stansfeld, S., & Marmot, M. (2003). Is retirement good or bad for mental and physical health functioning? Whitehall II longitudinal study of civil servants. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 46–49.
Mor-Barak, M. E., Scharlach, A., Birba, L., & Sokolov, J. (1992). Employment, social networks, and health in the retirement years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 35, 145–159.
Palmore, E. B., Fillenbaum, G. G., & George, L. K. (1984). Consequences of retirement. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 109–116.
Prosser, R., Rasbash, J., & Goldstein, H. (1991). ML3 software for three-level analysis: Users’ guide for version 2. Institute of Education, University of London.
Robison, J. T., & Moen, P. (2000). A life-course perspective on housing expectations and shifts in late midlife. Research on Aging, 22, 499–532.
Sixma, H., & Ultee, W. C. (1983). Een beroepsprestigeschaal voor Nederland in de jaren tachtig [An occupational prestige scale for the Netherlands in the 1980s]. Mens en Maatschappij, 58, 360–382.
Starker, J. E., Morgan, D. L., & March, S. (1993). Analyzing change in networks of personal relationships. In D. Perlman & W. H. Jones (Eds.) Advances in personal relationships (vol. 4, pp. 229–260). London: Jessica Kingsley.
van der Zouwen, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2001). Reactivity in panel studies and its consequences for testing causal hypotheses. Sociological Methods & Research, 30, 35–56.
van Tilburg, T. G. (1992). Support networks before and after retirement. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 433–445.
van Tilburg, T. G. (1995). Delineation of the social network and differences in network size. In C. P. M. Knipscheer, J. de Jong Gierveld, T. G. van Tilburg & P.A. Dykstra (Eds.), Living arrangements and social networks of older adults (pp. 83–96). Amsterdam: VU University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
His research interests include developments in personal networks and the effects of personal network characteristics and social support on well-being.
This study is based on data collected in the context of the “Living Arrangements and Social Networks of Older Adults” and “Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam” research programs. These programs are conducted at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute in The Hague, and are funded by the Netherlands Program for Research on Ageing (NESTOR) and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Van Tilburg, T. Consequences of men’s retirement for the continuation of work-related personal relationships. Ageing Int. 28, 345–358 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-003-1008-6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-003-1008-6