Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Critical Psychology and the Brain: Rethinking Free will in the Legal Context

  • Research
  • Published:
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The article draws from critical psychology to discuss the rising debate on brain determinism and free will in the legal domain. As free will also corresponds to the context and culture, it can have both the public and private space of expressions. The rise of neuroscience and its influence in the legal domain offers a holistic and sociocultural meaning of responsibility. Even one becomes entitled to take free will as a ‘necessary illusion’ in order to be in the zone of ‘moral as well as legal-social life forming activities’. In the criminal justice system free will is not taken as any kind of ‘necessary illusion’ but the conscious will and action of the person. This further throw light on how the wilful control of any criminal act is a social act and our brain is not separate from our collective will.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Notes

  1. It is referred to human beings despite their different social identity and group belongingness.

  2. I am thankful to the reviewer for his suggestion.

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behaviour: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioural control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Free will in scientific psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 14–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R., Mele, A., & Vohs, K. (Eds.). (2010). Free will and consciousness: How might they work? Oxford University Press.

  • Bennett, M. R., & Hacker, P. M. S. (2003). Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Blackwell Pub.

  • Bertelsen, P. (2011). Intentional activity and free will as core concepts in criminal law and psychology. Theory & Psychology, 22(1), 46–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, S. (2011). Towards an expansive hybrid psychology: Integrating theories of the mediated mind. Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 45(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (2013). On anarchism. Penguin.

  • Churchland, P. S. (2002). Brain-wise: Studies in neurophilosophy. The MIT.

  • Cover, R. M. (1986). Violence and the word. Yale Law Journal, 95, 1601–1629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, J., & Pluth, E. (2016). Neuroscience and critique: Exploring the limits of the neurological turn. New York.

  • Feltham, O., & Clemens, J. (2003). An introduction to Alan Badiou’s philosophy. In O. Feltham, & J. Clemens (Eds.), Infinite thought truth and the return to philosophy (by Alain Badiou). Continuum.

  • Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, & Vargas, M. (2007). Four views on free will. Blackwell Publishing.

  • Forgas, J. (2003). Why Don’t We Do It in the Road… Stereotyping and Prejudice in Mundane Situations. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3/4), 251–257. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1449684

  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Pantheon Books.

  • Frankfurt, H. G. (1969). Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. Journal of Philosophy, 66(23), 829–839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Seabury.

  • Fromm, E. (1942). The fear of freedom. Routledge.

  • Fromm, E. (1981). On disobedience: Why freedom means saying ‘no’ to power. Harper Perennial.

  • Fuster, J. M. (2013). The neuroscience of freedom and creativity. Cambridge University Press.

  • Gaete, A., & Cornejo, C. (2012). Psychology is about persons: On Brinkmann’s expansion of Harré’s hybrid psychology. Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 46(1), 70–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannikainen, I. R. (2019). For whom does determinism undermine moral responsibility? Surveying the conditions for free will across cultures. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02428

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harre, R., & Gillett, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Sage.

  • Harré, R. (2016). Hybrid psychology as a human science. Theory & Psychology, 26(5), 632–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, D. (2007). Foucault, psychology and the analytics of power. Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Jahoda, G. (2007). A history of social psychology: From the eighteenth-century Enlightenment to the Second World War. Cambridge University Press.

  • Kenny, A. (2011). Freewill and responsibility. Routledge.

  • Kiehl, K. A., Anderson, N. E., Aharoni, E., Maurer, J. M., Harenski, K. A., Rao, V., & Steele, V. R. (2018). Age of gray matters: Neuroprediction of recidivism. NeuroImage: Clinical, 19, 813–823.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.

  • Kolber, A. J. (2017). Free will as a matter of law. In D. Patterson, & M. S. Pardo (2017). Philosophical foundations of law and neuroscience (pp. 9-28). Oxford University Press.

  • Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 8(4), 529–539.

  • Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core process. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. Penguin.

  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. Harper Perennial.

  • Nahmias, E., Morris, S., Nadelhoffer, T., & Turner, J. (2005). Surveying freedom: Folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility. Philos Psychol, 18, 561–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080500264180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias, E., Shepard, J., & Reuter, S. (2014). It’s OK if ‘my brain made me do it’: People’s intuitions about free will and neuroscientific prediction. Cognition, 133(2), 502–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S., & Knobe, J. (2007). Moral responsibility and determinism: The cognitive science of folk intuitions. Nous, 41, 663–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.200700666.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nonet, P., & Selznick, P. (2007). Law & society in transition: Towards responsive law. Transaction.

  • Pardo, M. S., & Patterson, D. (2017). The promise of neuroscience for law: ‘Overclaiming’ in jurisprudence, morality, and economics. In Patterson, D., and Pardo, M. S. (2017). Philosophical foundations of law and neuroscience (pp. 231–248). UK: Oxford University Press.

  • Pereboom, D. (2001). Living without free will. Cambridge University Press.

  • Poldrack, R. A. (2018). The new mind reader: What neuroimaging can and cannot reveal about our thoughts. Princeton University Press.

  • Rose, N. (2018). Our Psychiatric Future. Polity.

  • Rose, D., Buckwalter, W., & Nichols, S. (2017). Neuroscientific prediction and the intrusion of intuitive metaphysics. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 41, 482–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarry, E. (1985). The body in Pain: The making and unmaking of the World. Oxford University Press.

  • Shariff, A. F., Schooler, J., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). The hazards of claiming to have solved the hard problem of free will. Are we free? Psychology and free will, 181–204.

  • Szasz, T. (1974). The myths of mental illness: Foundations of a theory of personal conduct. Harper Paperback.

  • Teo, T. (2015). Critical psychology: A geography of intellectual engagement and resistance. American Psychologist, 70(3), 243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travers, M. (2010). Understanding law and society. Routledge.

  • Uttal, W. R. (2011). Mind and brain: A critical appraisal of cognitive neuroscience. MIT Press.

  • Valsiner, J., & Van Der Veer, R. (2000). The social mind: Construction of the idea. Cambridge University Press.

  • Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2008). The value of believing in free will: Encouraging a belief in determinism increases cheating. Psychological Science, 19(1), 49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S., & Luria, A. R. (1993). In V. I. Golod, & J. E. Knox (Eds.), Studies on the history of behavior: Ape, primitive, and child. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

  • Wegner, D. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. MIT Press.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

As a corresponding author, I prepared and wrote the manuscript. This is a single-authored paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chetan Sinha.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

This article has no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sinha, C. Critical Psychology and the Brain: Rethinking Free will in the Legal Context. Integr. psych. behav. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-024-09827-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-024-09827-x

Keywords

Navigation