Skip to main content
Log in

The Soul, as an Uninhibited Mental Activity, is Reduced into Consciousness by Rules of Quantum Physics

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper is an effort to describe, in neuroscientific terms, one of the most ambiguous concepts of the universe—the soul. Previous efforts to understand what the soul is and where it may exist have accepted the soul as a subjective and individual entity. We will make two additions to this view: (1) The soul is a result of uninhibited mental activity and lacks spatial and temporal information; (2) The soul is an undivided whole and, to become divided, the soul has to be reduced into unconscious and conscious mental events. This reduction process parallels the maturation of the frontal cortex and GABA becoming the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. As examples of uninhibited mental activity, we will discuss the perceptual differences of a newborn, individuals undergoing dissociation, and individuals induced by psychedelic drugs. Then, we will explain the similarities between the structure of the universe and the structure of the brain, and we propose that consideration of the rules of quantum physics is necessary to understand how the soul is reduced into consciousness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

  • Barnes, J. (1984). The complete works of Aristotle: The revised Oxford translation (Vol. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceylan, M. E., Dönmez, A., & Ünsalver, B. Ö. (2015). The contribution of the cerebellum in the hierarchical development of the self. Cerebellum. doi:10.1007/s12311-015-0675-7.

  • Ceylan, M. E., Dönmez, A., Ünsalver, B. Ö., & Evrensel, A. (2016). Neural synchronization as a hypothetical explanation of the psychoanalytic unconscious. Consciousness and Cognition. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.011.

  • Chadwick, J., Mann, N. W. (1950). The medical works of Hippocrates. London: Blackwell.

  • Chiao, J. Y. (2009). Culture neuroscience: A once and future discipline. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 287–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58, 7–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, T. J. A., Tuszynski, J. A., & Hameroff, S. (2012). Cytoskeletal signaling: Is memory encoded in microtubule lattices by CaMKII phosphorylation? PLoS Computational Biology. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421.

  • Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Groaaet/Putman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. (2010). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. London: William Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Maestro, R. F. (1998). Leonardo da Vinci: The search for the soul. Journal of Neurosurgery, 89, 874–887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Descartes, R. (1989). The passions of the soul. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company.

  • Descartes, R. (2003). Treatise of man. New York: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittrich, A. (1998). The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry, 31(2), 80–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, B. (2017). Soul searching: a brief history of the mind/body debate in the neurosciences. Neurosurg Focus. doi:10.3171/foc.2007.23.1.2.

  • Eccles, J.C. (1992). Evolution of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A, 89(16), 7320–7324.

  • Emde, R. N. (1983). The pre-representational self and its affective core. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 38, 165–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, K. A. (2001). Toward an etiology of dissociative identity disorder: A neurodevelopmental approach. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(3), 259–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, P., Skiold, B., Horsch, S., Nordell, A., Blennow, M., Lagercrantz, H., & Aden, U. (2007). Resting-state networks in the infant brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A., 104(39), 15531–15536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, P. M. F. (1972). Ptolemaic Alexandria (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1915) The unconscious. James Strachey, translator. London: Hogarth Press.

  • Giarratono, C. (1971). Plato, Timeus in Platonis Opera. Bari: Editori Laterza.

  • Geyer, M. A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2008). Serotonin research: Contributions to understanding psychoses. Trend Pharmacol Sci, 29(9), 445–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goh, J. O., & Park, D. C. (2009). Culture sculpts the perceptional brain. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 95–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haenen, J., Schrijnemake, H., & Stufhens, J. (2003). Socio-cultural theory of teaching theory and practice of teaching historical concepts. In A. Kozulin, B. Gindis, V. S. Ageyev, & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Vygotsky's educational theory in cultural context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. (2014). Consciousness in the universe: A review of the OrchOR theory. Physics of Life Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002.

  • Hoppe, J. W., Frewen, P. A., van der Kolk, B. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2007). Neural correlates of re-experiencing, avoidance, and dissociation in PTSD: Symptom dimensions and emotion dysregulation in responses to script-driven trauma imagery. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(5), 713–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, A. (1954). The doors of perception and heaven and hell. London: Chatto & Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karper, L. P., Freeman, G. K., Grillon, C., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D. S., & Krystal, J. H. (1996). Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 8(1), 60–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennepohl, S. (1999). Toward a cultural neuropsychology: An alternative view and a preliminary model. Brain and Cognition, 41, 365–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. S., & Sasaki, J. Y. (2014). Cultural neuroscience: Biology of the mind in cultural contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 487–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kriegeskorte, N., & Kievit, R. A. (2013). Representational geometry: Integrating cognition, computation, and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.007.

  • Lagercrantz, H., & Changeux, J. P. (2009). The emergence of human consciousness: From fetal to neonatal life. Pediatric Research. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181973b0d.

  • Letinic, K., Zoncu, R., & Rakic, P. (2002). Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature, 417(6889), 645–649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludäscher, P., Valerius, G., Stiglmayr, C., Mauchnik, J., Lanius, R. A., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2010). Pain sensitivity and neural processing during dissociative states in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 35(3), 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, A. M. (1983). The psychobiological functions of dissociation. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 26(2), 93–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J., & Bivon, L. (2012). The archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, J. L., Ritter, R. S., & Hepler, J. (2013). Neuroscience and the soul: Competing explanations for the human experience. Cognition. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.12.003.

  • Rolland, B., Jardri, R., Amad, A., Thomas, P., Cottencin, O., & Bordet, R. (2014). Pharmacology of hallucinations: Several mechanisms for one single symptom? BioMed Research International. doi:10.1155/2014/307106.

  • Roy, S., & Llinas, R. (2009). Relevance of quantum mechanics on some aspects of ion channel function. Comptes Rendus Biologies. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.11.009.

  • Şar, V., Ünal, S. N., & Öztürk, E. (2007). Frontal and occipital perfusion changes in dissociative identity disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 156(3), 217–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scaer, R. C. (2001). The neurophysiology of dissociation and chronic disease. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26(1), 73–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schore, A. N. (1996). The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 59–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. M., Strapp, H. P., & Beauregard, M. (2005). Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: A neurophysical model of mind-brain interaction. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 360(1458), 1309–1327.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (2004). Mind: A brief introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Leonard, C. M., Welcome, S. E., Kan, E., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(38), 8223–8231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1983). Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science, 262(5134), 697–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strassman, R. J., & Qualls, C. R. (1994). Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. I. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(2), 85–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strassman, R. J., Qualls, C. R., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Kellner, R. (1994). Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(2), 98–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streri, A., de Hevia, M. D., Izard, V., & Coubart, A. (2013). What do we know about neonatal cognition? Behavioral Science. doi:10.3390/bs3010154.

  • Summhammer, J., Salari, V., & Bernroider, G. (2012). A quantum mechanical description of ion motion within the confining potentials of voltage-gated ion channels. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. doi:10.1142/S0219635212500094.

  • Tarlaci, S. (2010). A historical view of the relation between quantum mechanics and the brain: A neuroquantologic perspective. NeuroQuantol, 8(2), 120–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. (2007). Autopoiesis: The organization of the living. In In mind in life: Biology, phenomenology and the sciences of mind. New York: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanhatalo, S., & Kaila, K. (2006). Development of neonatal EEG activity: From phenomenology to physiology. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 11(6), 471–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider, F. X., & Geyer, M. A. (2001). A systems model of altered consciousness: Integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses. Brain Research Bulletin, 56(5), 495–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazo, P. D. (1996). Towards a characterization of minimal consciousness. N Ideas Psychol, 14, 63–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazo, P. D. (2004). The development of conscious control in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 12–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We have no acknowledgments to make.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

MEC and BÖÜ participated in “brain storming” sessions about the paper and formed the main hypothesis behind the paper. AD analyzed, designed, and wrote the paper. AE and FDY prepared the final version of the paper. All authors have read and approved the final version of the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barış Önen Ünsalver.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

We have no competing interests.

Funding

None of the authors have a funding source.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ceylan, M.E., Dönmez, A., Ünsalver, B.Ö. et al. The Soul, as an Uninhibited Mental Activity, is Reduced into Consciousness by Rules of Quantum Physics. Integr. psych. behav. 51, 582–597 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-017-9395-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-017-9395-5

Keywords

Navigation