Abstract
In this paper, I would like to propose the idea of “extended mind” for a new paradigm of psychology. Kohler (Integrative Psychology & Behavioral Science 44:39–57, 2010) correctly pointed out the serious problems of the machine paradigm, and proposed the “organic” view as a new paradigm. But the term “organic” signifying the processes inside the body, is inadequate to express the characteristic of human mind. The recent philosophy of mind suggests that the mind is realized neither only in the brain nor only in the body, but in the whole system of brain-body-environment, namely, in the “extended mind”. The characteristic of human mind resides in the interaction with the mediating tools, artifacts, and the humanized environment. We should propose an “extended mind approach” or an “ecological approach to humanized environment” as a new paradigm for a psychology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bang, J. (2009). Nothingness and the human umwelt: a cultural-ecological approach to meaning. Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 43, 374–392.
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chemero, A. (2009). Radical embodied cognitive science. Cambridge: MIT.
Clancy, W. J. (1997). Situated cognition: On human knowledge and computer representations. Cambridge UP: Cambridge.
Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cambridge: MIT.
Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension. Oxford: Oxford UP.
Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58, 7–19.
Darwin, C. H. (1985). The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. with a foreword by Stephen Jay Gould. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elstrup, O. (2010). The ways of humans: the emergence of sense and common sense through language production. Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 44, 82–95.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdall: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gallagher, S. (2008). Brainstormin: views and interviews on the mind. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
Haugeland, J. (1995). Mind embodied and embedded. In Y. Houng & J. Ho (Eds.), Mind and cognition. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Hendriks-Jansen, H. (1996). Catching ourselves in the act: Situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. Cambridge: MIT.
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge: MIT.
Keijer, F. (2001). Representation and behavior. Cambridge: MIT.
Kohler, A. (2010). To think human out of the machine paradigm: Homo Ex Machina. Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 44, 39–57.
Kolstad, A. (2010). Time for Paradigmatic Substitution in Psychology. What are the Alternatives? Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 44, 58–64.
Kono, T. (2009). Social affordances and the possibility of ecological linguistics. Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 43, 356–373.
Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Corporation.
McClamrock, R. (1995). Existential cognition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1967). The structure of behavior. translated by Alden L. Fisher. Boston: Beacon Press.
Noë, A. (2009). Out of our heads: Why you are not your brain, and other lessons from the biology of consciousness. New York: Hill and Wang.
Pfeifer, R., & Scheier, C. (1999). Understanding intelligence. Cambridge: MIT.
Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Travieso, D., & Jacobs, D. M. (2009). The ecological level of analysis: can Neogibsonian principles be applied beyond perception and action? Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Science, 43, 393–405.
Varela, F., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind. Cambridge: MIT.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. eds. Michael Cole et al. Mass./ London: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, R. A. (1994). Wild computationalism. Mind, 103, 351–372.
Wilson, R. A. (2004). Boundaries of the mind: the individual in the fragile sciences: Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
von Wright, G. H. (1971). Explanation and understanding. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kono, T. The “Extended Mind” Approach for a New Paradigm of Psychology. Integr. psych. behav. 44, 329–339 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-010-9128-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-010-9128-5