Skip to main content
Log in

Pride, but Is There Job Satisfaction for LGB Workers? Survey Based Evidence from the United States

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sexuality & Culture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years there have been significant victories for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) persons in the United States. These victories include legalizing same-sex marriage and increasing visibility and acceptance in popular media. However, legal rights and increased representation do not always translate to day-to-day lives and working conditions. While scholars have examined many aspects of the lives of LGB individuals, few studies have explored job satisfaction, a critical component of quality of life. This study addresses this limitation by exploring this vital relationship using nationally representative data. Using data from Wave 5 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, this study examined job satisfaction for LGB persons. Controlling for demographic and workplace contextual factors, LGB workers had lower levels of job satisfaction than their heterosexual counterparts. The results of the study suggest the implementation of policies and practices to ensure greater levels of job satisfaction for LGB workers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmend, S., & Bhugra, D. (2010). Homophobia: An updated review of the literature. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25, 447–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alden, L., Hammarstedt, M., & Swahnberg, H. (2020). Sexual orientation and job satisfaction: Survey based evidence from the United States. Journal of Labor Research, 41, 69–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badgett, M. V. L., Lau, H., Sears, B., & Ho, D. (2007). Bias in the workplace: Consistent evidence of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination. Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, University of California Press, Chicago. Retrieved 20 August 2021. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/bias-in-the-workplace/

  • Bayrakdar, S., & King, A. (2022). Job satisfaction and sexual orientation in Britain. Work, Employment, and Society, 36(1), 21–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beagan, B. L., Bizzeth, S. R., Pride, T. M., & Sibbald, K. R. (2022). LGBTQ+ identity concealment and disclosure within the (heteronormative) health professions: "Do I? Do I Not? And what are the potential consequences? SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 2, 100–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, J. D. (2018). Just a little respect: Differences in job satisfaction among individuals with and without disabilities. Social Science Quarterly, 11, 379–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C. (2008). Sexual orientation, income, and non-pecuniary economic outcomes: New evidence from young lesbians in Australia. Review of Economics of the Household, 6, 391–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chai, L., & Maroto, M. (2020). Economic insecurity among gay and bisexual men: Evidence from the 1991–2016 U.S. General social survey. Sociological Perspectives, 63(1), 50–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. E. (1996). Job satisfaction in Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34(2), 189–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Economics, 3, 359–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drydakis, N. (2011). Women’s sexual orientation and labour market outcomes in Greece. Feminist Economics, 17, 89–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drydakis, N. (2015). Effect of sexual orientation on job satisfaction: Evidence from Greece. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 54, 162–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durso, L. E., Rooney, C., Gruberg, S., Singh, S., Mirza, S. A., Bewkes, F. J., Ridings, A. N., & Clark, D. (2017). Advancing LGBTQ equality through local executive action, center for American progress. Retrieved 2 May 2023. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/reports/2017/08/25/437280/advancing-lgbtq-equality-local-executive-action/

  • Embrick, D. G., Walther, C. S., & Wickens, C. M. (2007). Working class masculinity: keeping gay men and lesbians out of the workplace. Sex Roles, 56, 757–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2013). EU LGBT survey: European Union lesbian, gay. Bisexual and transgender survey. Results at a glance. Vienna. Retrieved 21 August 2021. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu-lgbt-survey-results-at-a-glance_en.pdf

  • Frostin, P., & Greenwald, L. (2018). The state of employee benefits: Findings from the 2017 health and workplace benefits survey. Retrieved 16 May 2023. https://www.ebri.org/content/the-state-of-employee-benefits-findings-from-the-2017-health-and-workplace-benefits-survey

  • Fuch, M., & Potter, J. (2020). Societal experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. In M. J. Legado (Ed.), The plasticity of sex: The molecular biology and clinical features of genomic sex, gender identity and sexual behavior (pp. 243–275). Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gates, G. (2011). Gay people count, so why not count them correctly. Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/gay-people-count-so-why-not-count-them-correctly/2011/04/07/AFDg9K4C_story.html/

  • Göçmen, I., & Yılmaz, V. (2017). Exploring perceived discrimination among LGBT individuals in Turkey in education, employment, and health care: Results of an online survey. Journal of Homosexuality, 64, 1052–1068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouthier, M.H., & Rhein, M. (2011). Organizational pride and its positive effects on employee behavior. Journal of Service Management, 22(5), 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231111174988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, F. (2010). Well-being, job satisfaction, and labour mobility. Labour Economics, 17, 897–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, K.M., Halpern, C.T., Biemer, P., Liao, D., & Dean, S.C. (2019). Add Health Wave V Documentation: Sampling and Mixed-Mode Survey Design. Retrieved 30 August 2022. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/documentation/guides/

  • Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holly, S., & Mohnen, A. (2012). Impact of working hours on work-life balance, SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, No. 465. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin.

  • Holman, E. G., Fish, J. N., Oswald, R. F., & Goldberg, A. (2019). Reconsidering the LGBT climate inventory: Understanding support and hostility for LGBTQ employees in the workplace. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(3), 554–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. (2021). LGBT Identification Rises to 5.6% in Latest Estimate. Retrieved 2 August 2022. https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx

  • Kuyper, L. (2015). Difference in workplace experiences between LGB and heterosexual employees. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leppel, K. (2014). Does job satisfaction vary with sexual orientation. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 52(2), 169–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakoa, K., & Treas, J. (1994). Updating occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores: How the new measures measure up. Sociological Methodology, 24, 1–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogburn, W. F. (1957). Cultural lag as theory. Sociology & Social Research, 41, 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okpara, J. O., Squillace, M., & Erondu, E. A. (2005). Gender differences and job satisfaction: A study of university teachers in the United States. Women in Management Review, 20(3), 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk, M. B., & Rumens, N. (2014). Gay male academics in U.K. businesses and management schools: Negotiating geteronomativities in everyday work life. British Journal of Management, 25(3), 503–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, M., Wart, P., & West, M. (2004). Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 77, 193–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pink-Harper, S. A., Burnside, R., & Randolph, R. S. (2017). Justice for all: An examination of self-identified LGBT job satisfaction in the U.S. federal workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 34, 183–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstein, P. (2015). Law is changing, but the culture is lagging. Washington Blade. Retrieved 13 July 2022. https://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/02/19/opinion-law-is-changing-but-the-culture-lags-civil-rights-bill/

  • Salvatore, C., & Taniguchi, T. A. (2012). Do social bonds matter for emerging adults? Deviant Behavior, 33(9), 738–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoon, I., & Polek, E. (2011). Teenage career aspirations and adult career attainment: The role of gender, social background and general cognitive ability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411398183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schur, L., Kruse, D., Blasi, J., & Blank, P. (2009). Is disability disabling in all workplaces?" Workplace disparities in corporate culture. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 48, 381–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, Q. (2022). Does less working time improve life satisfaction? Evidence from European Social Survey. Health Economics Review, 12, 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-022-00396-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, B.C., Nikolaev, B.N., & Shepherd, D.A. (2022). Does educational attainment promote job satisfaction? The bittersweet trade-offs between job resources, demands, and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(7), 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weichselbaumer, D. (2003). Sexual orientation discrimination in hiring. Labour Economics, 10, 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00074-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winship, C., & Radbill L. (1994). Sampling weights and regression analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 23(2), 230–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124194023002004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright T.A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett D.G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhao, N. (2016). Impact of participation in decision making on job satisfaction: An organizational communication perspective. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E58. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.56

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research uses data from Add Health, funded by grant P01 HD31921 (Harris) from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Add Health is currently directed by Robert A. Hummer and funded by the National Institute on Aging cooperative agreements U01 AG071448 (Hummer) and U01AG071450 (Aiello and Hummer) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Add Health was designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher Salvatore.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salvatore, C., Taniguchi, T.A. Pride, but Is There Job Satisfaction for LGB Workers? Survey Based Evidence from the United States. Sexuality & Culture 28, 1021–1036 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10161-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10161-4

Keywords

Navigation