Abstract
Masturbation is a variant of sexual expression and has no known causal relation with sexual disorders. Literature is still scarce in studies addressing particularities of female masturbation and its associations. The aim of this study was to investigate female masturbation in a Brazilian sample. The objectives were also analyzing the associations and correlations between masturbation and different variables, including body image. A total of 2408 Brazilian women (mean age 27.78 years) answered a 70-item online survey based on literature review, standardized questionnaires (Female Sexual Quotient, Body Image Guilt and Shame Scale- Brazilian version and Body Appreciation Scale-2) and questions from previous studies on female masturbation. The most prevalent masturbation frequency reported was two or three times a week (29.91%), and “reduce stress” was a common motivation to engage in masturbation (48.28%). There was a positive correlation between masturbation frequency and sexual satisfaction (Rho = 0.16, p < 0.001). It was observed that higher masturbation frequency was correlated with lower body shame (Rho = − 0.06, p = 0.001) and body guilt (Rho = − 0.07, p < 0.001). Moreover, body appreciation was positively correlated with masturbation frequency (Rho = 0.10, p < 0.001). It is important noting that the present correlations were weak and do not imply a necessary cause-effect link. Masturbation has been demonstrated to be an important component of female libido, not simply a sexual partner substitute.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdo, C. (2009). Quociente sexual feminino: Um questionário brasileiro para avaliar a atividade sexual da mulher. Diagnóstico & Tratamento, 14(2), 89–90.
Ackard, D., Kearney-Cooke, A., & Peterson, C. (2000). Effect of body image and self-image on women’s sexual behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(4), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(200012)28:4%3c422::aid-eat10%3e3.0.co;2-1
Albright, J. (2008). Sex in America online: An exploration of sex, marital status, and sexual identity in internet sex seeking and its impacts. Journal of Sex Research, 45(2), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490801987481
Atwood, J., & Gagnon, J. (1987). Masturbatory behavior in college youth. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 13(2), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1987.11074907
Baćak a, V., & Štulhofer, A. (2011). Masturbation among sexually active young women in Croatia: Associations with religiosity and pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(4), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2011.611220
Baumel, S. W. (2014). Investigando o Papel da Masturbação na Sexualidade da Mulher (Master's Dissertation). Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Bowman, C. (2013). Women’s masturbation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313514855
Brody, S., & Costa, R. (2009). Satisfaction (sexual, life, relationship, and mental health) is associated directly with penile-vaginal intercourse, but inversely with other sexual behavior frequencies. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(7), 1947–1954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01303.x
Burri, A., & Carvalheira, A. (2019). Masturbatory behavior in a population sample of German women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(7), 963–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.015
Carroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Nelson, L., Olson, C., McNamara Barry, C., & Madsen, S. (2008). Generation XXX. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(1), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407306348
Carvalheira, A., & Leal, I. (2013). Masturbation among women: Associated factors and sexual response in a portuguese community sample. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39(4), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623x.2011.628440
Coleman, E. (2003). Masturbation as a means of achieving sexual health. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 14(2–3), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/j056v14n02_02
Das, A., Parish, W., & Laumann, E. (2007). Masturbation in Urban China. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9222-z
Fahs, B., & Frank, E. (2013). Notes from the back room: Gender, power, and (in)visibility in women’s experiences of masturbation. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.745474
Gerressu, M., Mercer, C., Graham, C., Wellings, K., & Johnson, A. (2008). Prevalence of masturbation and associated factors in a British National probability survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9123-6
Hald, G., Kuyper, L., Adam, P., & de Wit, J. (2013). Does viewing explain doing? Assessing the association between sexually explicit materials use and sexual behaviors in a large sample of Dutch adolescents and young adults. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(12), 2986–2995. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12157
Hessellund, H. (1976). Masturbation and sexual fantasies in married couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01541870
Hurlbert, D. F., & Whittaker, K. E. (1991). The role of masturbation in marital and sexual satisfaction: A comparative study of female masturbators and nonmasturbators. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 17(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1991.11074029
Kaestle, C., & Allen, K. (2011). The role of masturbation in healthy sexual development: Perceptions of young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 983–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9722-0
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Saunders.
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Saunders.
La Rocque, C., & Cioe, J. (2011). An evaluation of the relationship between body image and sexual avoidance. Journal of Sex Research, 48(4), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2010.499522
Leung, A., & Robson, L. (1993). Childhood masturbation. Clinical Pediatrics, 32(4), 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992289303200410
LoPiccolo, J., & Lobitz, W. (1972). The role of masturbation in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01541865
Meston, C., Hull, E., Levin, R., & Sipski, M. (2004). Disorders of orgasm in women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1(1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2004.10110.x
Oliveira, J. (2015). Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da "Body Image Guilt and Shame Scale" (BIGSS) para a língua portuguesa no Brasil (Doctoral Thesis). Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Oliver, M., & Hyde, J. (1993). Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.29
Shaeer, O., Shaeer, K., & Shaeer, E. (2012). The global online sexuality survey (GOSS): Female sexual dysfunction among internet users in the reproductive age group in the Middle East. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(2), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02552.x
Shulman, J., & Horne, S. (2003). The Use Of Self-Pleasure: Masturbation and body image among African American and European American Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00106
Streiner, D., & Norman, G. (2011). Correction for multiple testing. Chest, 140(1), 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-0523
Thompson, T., Dinnel, D., & Dill, N. (2003). Development and validation of a body image guilt and shame scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00026-0
Trapnell, P., Meston, C., & Gorzalka, B. (1997). Spectatoring and the relationship between body image and sexual experience: Self-focus or self-valence? Journal of Sex Research, 34(3), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499709551893
Tylka, T., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2015). The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006
Wallen, K., & Lloyd, E. (2011). Female sexual arousal: Genital anatomy and orgasm in intercourse. Hormones and Behavior, 59(5), 780–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.12.004
Weiss, P., & Brody, S. (2009). Female sexual arousal disorder with and without a distress criterion: Prevalence and correlates in a representative czech sample. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(12), 3385–3394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01498.x
Wiederman, M. (2000). Women’s body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy with a partner. Journal of Sex Research, 37(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490009552021
Wiederman, M., & Pryor, T. (1997). Body dissatisfaction and sexuality among women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21(4), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(1997)21:4%3c361::aid-eat9%3e3.0.co;2-m
Woertman, L., & van den Brink, F. (2012). Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: A review. Journal of Sex Research, 49(2–3), 184–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.658586
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the institutional review board.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Lima, T.E.O., Dissenha, R.P., Skare, T.L. et al. Masturbatory Behavior and Body Image: A Study Among Brazilian Women. Sexuality & Culture 26, 474–490 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09903-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09903-z