Abstract
This qualitative study, which uses a narrative inquiry approach, presents data from in-depth interviews with participants teaching English in higher education in Japan. It adopts a poststructuralist lens, conceptualising age as socially constructed, and uses this framework to analyse four cases. It reports on the social construction of their teacher identities, in particular how their gender identities influence the enactment of their age identities. This enactment takes place both in and out of classrooms. The central thesis of the article is that age identity was constructed differently for the male and female teachers and was constructed to the disadvantage of the female teachers throughout their professional lives.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrew, P. (2012). The social construction of age: Adult foreign language learners. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Aneja, G. A. (2016). (Non)native speakered: Rethinking (non)nativeness and teacher identity in TESOL teacher education. TESOL Quarterly: A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect,50(3), 572–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.315.
Appleby, R. (2013). Singleness, marriage, and the construction of heterosexual masculinities Australian men teaching English in Japan. PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies,10(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5130/portal.v10i1.2334.
Arimoto, A. (2015). The changing academic profession in Japan. Heidelberg, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Arimoto, A. (2016). R&D policy and social contribution in Japanese higher education. Asia Pacific Education Review,17(3), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9444-7.
AUCD. (2012). Glossary of life course terms. Association of University Centers on Disabilities. Retrieved March 17, 2017 from www.aucd.org/docs/lend/life_course_glossary.pdf
Barkhuizen, G., Benson, P., & Chik, A. (2014). Narrative inquiry in language teaching and learning research. New York: Routledge.
Bytheway, B. (2011). Unmasking age: The significance of age for social research. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
Cheung, Y. L., Said, S. B., & Park, K. (2014). Advances and current trends in language teacher identity research. Routledge Research in Language Education: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved June 4, 2018 from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative inquiry. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli, & P. Elmore (Eds.), Handbook of complementary methods in education research (3rd ed., pp. 477–487). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Costa, P., & Norton, B. (Eds.) (2017). Identity, transdisciplinarity, and the good language teacher [Special Issue]. Modern Language Journal, 101(S1).
Coupland, N. (1997). Language, ageing and ageism: A project for applied linguistics? International Journal of Applied Linguistics,7(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1997.tb00102.x.
Cuddy, A. J. C., & Fiske, S. T. (2002). Doddering but dear. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping, and prejudice against older persons (pp. 3–26). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Eckert, P. (1998). Age as a sociolinguistic variable. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics. (Blackwell Reference Online version). https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631211938.1998.00011.x
Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Gill, S., & Goodson, I. (2011). Life history and narrative methods. In B. Somekh & C. Lewin (Eds.), Theory and methods in social research (2nd ed., pp. 157–165). London, UK: Sage.
Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., & Mertens, A. (2002). Ageism: Denying the face of the future. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping, and prejudice against older persons (pp. 27–48). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gullette, M. M. (2004). Aged by culture/Margaret Morganroth Gullette. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Gullette, M. M. (2011). Agewise: Fighting the new ageism in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Hicks, S. K. (2013). On the (out)skirts of TESOL networks of homophily: Substantive citizenship in Japan. In S. A. Houghton & D. J. Rivers (Eds.), Native-speakerism in Japan: Intergroup dynamics in foreign language education (pp. 147–158). Briston, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
Hockings, C., Cooke, S., Yamashita, H., McGinty, S., & Bowl, M. (2009). ‘I’m neither entertaining nor charismatic …’ negotiating university teacher identity within diverse student groups. Teaching in Higher Education,14(5), 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510903186642.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11–36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kite, M., Deaux, K., Miele, M., & Lawton, M. (1991). Stereotypes of young and old: Does age outweigh gender? Psychology and Aging,6(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.1.19.
Lander, R. (2018). Queer English language teacher identity: A narrative exploration in Colombia: Identidad queer de profesores de ingles: Una exploracion narrativa en Colombia. PROFILE: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development,20(1), 89–101.
Larson-Hall, J., & Stewart, J. (2019). Making a career of university teaching in Japan: Getting (and keeping) a full-time job. In P. Wadden & C. C. Hale (Eds.), Teaching English at Japanese Universities. London & New York: Routledge.
Lin, A., Grant, R., Kubota, R., Motha, S., Sachs, G., Vandrick, S., et al. (2004). Women faculty of color in TESOL: Theorizing our lived experiences. TESOL Quarterly,38(3), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588350.
Liu, Y., & Xu, Y. (2011). Inclusion or exclusion?: A narrative inquiry of a language teacher’s identity experience in the ‘new work order’ of competing pedagogies. Teaching and Teacher Education,27(3), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.10.013.
Mayer, K. U. (2009). New directions in life course research. Annual Review of Sociology,35(1), 413–433.
McCann, R. M., Dailey, R., Giles, H., & Ota, H. (2005). Beliefs about intergenerational communication across the lifespan: Middle age and the roles of age stereotyping and filial piety. Communication Studies,56(4), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970500319286.
MEXT. (2018). OECD Thematic review of tertiary education-Country background report of Japan. Retrieved April 21, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3746,en_2649_33723_35580240_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Morgan, B. (2009). Fostering transformative practitioners for critical EAP: Possibilities and challenges. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,8(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.09.001.
Nagatomo, D. H. (2012). Exploring Japanese university teachers’ professional identity. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Nagatomo, D. H. (2015). How being an “insider” or an “outsider” shapes EFL teachers’ professional identity: One teacher’s story from Japan. Asian EFL Journal,17(3), 111–130.
Park, G. (2009). “I listened to Korean society. I always heard that women should be this way …”: The negotiation and construction of gendered identities in claiming a dominant language and race in the United States. Journal of Language, Identity & Education,8(2–3), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348450902848775.
Polkinghorne, D. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,8(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080103.
Porcaro, J. W. (2015). The age factor: Teaching in later years. OnCUE Journal,8(2), 135–142.
Rubin, B. M. (1998). Fifty on fifty: Wisdom, inspiration, and reflections on women’s lives well lived. NY: Warner Books.
Saldana, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
Simon-Maeda, A. (2004). The complex construction of professional identities: Female EFL educators In Japan speak out. TESOL Quarterly,38(3), 405–436. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588347.
Song, J. (2016). Emotional and language teacher identity: Conflicts, vulnerability, and transformation. TESOL Quarterly,50(3), 631–654. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.312.
Sutton, P. (2015). A paradoxical academic identity: Fate, utopia and critical hope. Teaching in Higher Education,20(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2014.957265.
Talmy, S. (2010). Qualitative interviews in applied linguistics: From research instrument to social practice. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,30(1), 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190510000085.
Templer, B. (2003). Ageism in TEFL: Time for concerted action. TESL Reporter,36(1), 1–22.
Thorpe, R. (2018). Ageing and the presentation of self: Women’s perspectives on negotiating age, identity and femininity through dress. Journal of Sociology,54(2), 203–213.
Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education,4(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2.
Varghese, M., Motha, S., Park, G., Reeves, J., & Trent, J. (2016). In this issue. TESOL Quarterly,50(3), 545–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.333.
Wong, M., & Mahboob, A. (Eds.). (2018). Spirituality and English language teaching: Religious explorations of teacher identity, pedagogy and context. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Zhao, H., Coombs, S., & Zhou, X. (2010). Developing professional knowledge about teachers through metaphor research: Facilitating a process of change. Teacher Development,14(3), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2010.504024.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to wholeheartedly thank the participants, reviewers and special edition editors. This article has been greatly improved due to their generous contributions of time and effort.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007, (updated July 2018), [Section 5.2.22].
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This study was conducted after receiving approval from the Human Sciences Subcommittee of Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mason, S.L., Chik, A. Age, Gender and Language Teacher Identity: Narratives from Higher Education. Sexuality & Culture 24, 1028–1045 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09749-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09749-x