Abstract
This language socialization study integrates ethnographic and intertextual methods of data collection and analysis to examine how one middle school drama class’s performance of Britney Spears’s first hit song, originally titled “Hit Me Baby One More Time,” exemplifies not only how sexually charged media can contribute to the normalization of sexist, abusive, and thus also violent behavior toward women, but also how local caretaking adults can contribute to these socialization practices even within the context of official educational activities. Prior studies related to the socialization of gender equality and sexual abuse prevention in educational institutions have focused on whether and how adult intervention may prevent or stop gender and thus also sexually related abuse. This study indicates that further research into adult complicity and the need for intervention into adult behavior may also be called for. The ethnographic fieldwork for this paper was conducted during a larger language socialization study at a middle school in the western United States. This included the videotaping of rehearsals and performances by middle school students of popular songs. The intertextual data chosen for analysis is based on these ethnographic observations. The conclusion that some adults are actively socializing female sexual objectification and male dominance during school-based activities is based on observations of these locally occurring interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
For clarity’s sake, I am using capital letters for titles of songs and theatrical materials primarily in order to distinguish between the use of the words “Hit Me” as part of the song title and the words ‘hit me’ as uttered or otherwise used in different circumstances.
In order to preserve anonymity, I am not giving citations for artifact materials collected at the middle school field site.
References
Adler, A. (2001). The perverse law of child pornography. Columbia Law Review, 101(2), 209–273. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123799.
Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., & Wartella, E. et al. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 81–110. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40059680.
Balfour, R., & Ralfe, E. (2006). Hit me baby one more time: The engendering of violence in children’s discourse in South African schools. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 24(4), 523–535.
Bauman, R. (2005). Commentary: Indirect indexicality, identity, performance. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15(1), 145–150. doi:10.1525/jlin.2005.15.1.145.
Bretthauer, B., Zimmerman, T. S., & Banning, J. H. (2006). A feminist analysis of popular music: Power over, objectification of, and violence against women. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18(4), 29–51.
Daly, S. (1999). Britney Spears: Inside the heart and mind (and bedroom) of America’s new teen queen (cover story). Rolling Stone, (810), 60. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1716507&site=ehost-live.
Downes, L. (2006). Middle school girls gone wild. The New York Times, 07-05-2009.
Fox, A. A. (2004). Real country: Music and language in working-class culture. Durham: Duke University Press.
Huesmann, L. R., & Taylor, L. D. (2006). Media effects in middle childhood. In A. C. Huston & M. N. Ripke (Eds.), Developmental contexts in middle childhood: Bridges to adolescence and adulthood (pp. 303–326). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Jason, L. A., & Kim, K. L. (2008). Sex, guns, and rock ‘n’ roll: The influence of media in children’s lives. In K. K. Kline (Ed.), Authoritative communities: The scientific case for nurturing the whole child (pp. 323–338). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media.
Keziah, R.W. (Director). (2004). E! Entertainment special: Britney Spears. [Video/DVD] Available from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427200/.
Lahelma, E. (2002). Gendered conflicts in secondary school: Fun or enactment of power? Gender and Education, 14(3), 295–306.
Male, A. (1999). Triumph of the shrill. The Guardian, Culture section, May 17. Retrieved 4/9/2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/1999/may/18/tvandradio.
Meyer, E. J. (2008). Gendered harassment in secondary schools: Understanding teachers’ (non) interventions. Gender and Education, 20(6), 555–570. doi:10.1080/09540250802213115.
New York Times. (2004). Girl assaulted at school. March 13:B3.
New York Times. (n.d.). Topics: Britney Spears. Retrieved 4/9/2012, from http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/britney_spears/index.html?scp=1spot&sq=britney%20spears&st=cse.
Olson, C. K., Kutner, L. A., & Warner, D. E. (2008). The role of violent video game content in adolescent development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(1), 55–75. doi:10.1177/0743558407310713.
Pareles, J. (2011). Everybody wants her, whoever she may be. The New York Times, August 4:C1.
Read, B. (2011). Britney, Beyoncé, and me: Primary school girls’ role models and constructions of the ‘popular’ girl. Gender and Education, 23(1), 1–13. doi:10.1080/09540251003674089.
Robinson, K. (2005). Reinforcing hegemonic masculinities through sexual harassment: Issues of identity, power and popularity in secondary schools. Gender and Education, 17(1), 19–37. doi:10.1080/0954025042000301285.
Semigran, A. (2010). Britney Spears ‘Glee’ episode takes on ‘… Baby one more time.’ MTV Retrieved 3/9/2012, 2012, from http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1648932/britney-spears-glee-episode-takes-on-baby-one-more-time.jhtml.
Silverstein, M. (2005). Axes of evals: Token versus type interdiscursivity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15(1), 6–22.
Smith, J. A. (2010). Teen charged with molestation, statutory rape, Henry Daily Herald (Sep 22, 2010). Retrieved 4/3/2012, 2012, from http://www.henryherald.com/news/2010/sep/22/teen-charged-with-molestation-statutory-rape/.
Tresniowski, A., Leonard, E., Jordan, J., Coats, C., & Abel, O. (2000). Britney’s wild ride. (cover story). People, 53(6), 98. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=2748295&site=ehost-live.
Triumph of the shrill | culture | the guardian (May 17, 1999). Retrieved 3/9/2012, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/1999/may/18/tvandradio.
UN General Assembly. (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. A/RES/48/104. Retrieved 3/16/2011, 2011, from http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm.
Urban dictionary: Running a train Retrieved 4/1/2012, 2012, from http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=running+a+train.
Violent School [Pop Sensations] (2009). Hit me baby… Myspace video Retrieved 5/15/2012, 2012, from http://www.myspace.com/video/vid/51020847#!.
Wenger, E. (2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization, 7, 225–246.
WHO. (n.d.). Violence against women: Intimate partner and sexual violence against women, Fact Sheet 239. Retrieved 3/18/2011, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/. Accessed 18 Mar 2011.
Wurtzel, E., & Sissons, J. (2000). August 8). The Guardian (London): Why I love Britney.
Zhang, Y., Miller, L. E., & Harrison, K. (2008). The relationship between exposure to sexual music videos and young adults’ sexual attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 52(3), 368–386. doi:10.1080/08838150802205462.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for the Dissertation Improvement Grant in Linguistics I received to help fund the ethnographic portion of the research conducted for this article. I would also like to thank Justin T. McBride, Debra Friedman, David Olsher for their valuable feedback. And lastly, I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to the students, teachers, staff, administrators, and parents who welcomed my participant-observation at the middle school that served as the field site for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schick, L. “Hit Me Baby”: From Britney Spears to the Socialization of Sexual Objectification of Girls in a Middle School Drama Program. Sexuality & Culture 18, 39–55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9172-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9172-7