Abstract
This paper explores the nature of sexual appelas—sex-related promises or benefits—in mainstream advertising by describing types of sex appeals and findings from a sex-benefit content analysis. Overall, our findings reveal that sex is used to appeal to women and men, although a higher proportion of sexual ads appear in men’s (12%) compared to women’s magazines (6%). In addition, a variety of sex appeals are directed toward women (attractiveness, behavior, esteem), whereas most appeals directed toward men emphasize more and better sex. Last, male-only images are relatively absent in sexual ads compared to female-only (45%) and couples (47%) images. These findings, observations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, M. W., & Judd, B. B. (1986). Differences in attitudes toward nudity in advertising. Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 23(1), 26–29.
Avery, J. (2000). Advertising campaign planning. Chicago, IL: Copy Workshop.
Busby, L. J., & Leichty, G. (1993). Feminism and advertising in traditional and nontraditional women’s magazines 1950s–1980s. Journalism Quarterly, 70(2), 247–264.
Chura, H. (2003, February 17). Miller set to roll catfight sequels. Advertising Age, p. 1, 35.
Coen, B. (2002). Insider’s report, December 2002. [online] http://www.mccann.com/insight/bobcoen.html [accessed March 1, 2003].
Courtney, A., & Whipple, T. W. (1983). Sex stereotyping in advertising, Lexington, MA: Health.
Dudley, S. C. (1999). Consumer attitudes toward nudity in advertising. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 79(4), 89–96.
Ferrante, C. L., Haynes, A. M., & Kingsley, S. (1988). Image of women in television advertising. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32(2), 231–237.
Fetto, J. (2001). Where’s the lovin’?, American Demographics, 23(2), 10–11.
Goodrum, C., & Dalrymple, H. (1990). Advertising in America: The First 200 Years. NY: Abrams.
Gould, S. J. (1994). Sexuality and ethics in advertising: A research agenda and policy guideline perspective. Journal of Advertising, 23(3), 73–80.
Gould, S. J. (2003). Toward a theory of advertising lovempas in marketing comminications: Over-determination, postmodern thought, and the advertising hermeneutic circle. In T. Reichert & J. Lambiase (Eds.), Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (pp. 151–170). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grazer, W. F., & Keesling, G. (1995). The effect of print advertising’s use of sexual themes on brand recall and purchase intention: A product specific investigation of male responses. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11(3), 47–58.
Hall, C. C., & Crum, M. J. (1994). Women and “body-isms” in television beer commercials. Sex Roles, 31(5/6), 329–337.
Kilbourne, J. (1999). Can’t buy my love: How advertising changes the way we think and feel. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Klassen, M. L., Jasper, C. R., & Schwartz, A. M. (1993). Men and women: Images of their relationships in magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, 33(2), 30–39.
Lambiase, J., and Reichert, T. (2003). Promises, promises: Exploring erotic rhetoric in sexually oriented advertising. In L. Scott and R. Batra (Eds.), Persuasive Imagery: A Consumer Perspective (pp. 247–266). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lang, A., Wise, K., Lee, S., & Cai, X. (2003). The effects of sexual appeals on physiological, cognitive, emotional, and attitudinal responses for product and alcohol billboard advertising. In T. Reichert & J. Lambiase (Eds.), Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (pp. 107–132). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
LaTour, M. S. (1990). Female nudity in print advertising: An analysis of gender differences in arousal and ad response. Psychology & Marketing, 7(1), 65–81.
LaTour, M. S., & Henthorne, T. L. (1993). Female nudity: Attitudes toward the ad and the brand, and implications for advertising strategy, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 10(3), 25–32.
Lazier-Smith, L. (1989). Advertising: Women’s place and image. In P.J. Creedon (Ed.), Women in Mass Communication: Challenging Gender Values (pp. 247–262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lin, C. A. (1998). Uses of sexual appeals in prime-time television commercials. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 461–475.
Mittal, B., & Lassar, W. M. (2000). Sexual liberalism as a determinant of consumer response to sex in advertising. Journal of Business, and Psychology, 15(1), 111–127.
Parente, D. (2000). Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press.
Percy, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (1992). Advertising stimulus effects: Areview. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 14(1), 75–90.
Reichert, T. (2002). Sex in advertising: A review of content, effects, and functions of sexual information in consumer advertising research. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 241–273.
Reichert, T., Lambiase, J., Morgan, S. E., Carstarphen, M., & Zavoina, S. (1999). Beefcake or cheesecake? No matter how you slice it, sexual explicitness in advertising continues to increase. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 7–20.
Reichert, T., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Defining sexually oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. In S. J. Hoch & R. J. Meyer (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 27, pp. 267–273). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
Reid, L. N., & Soley, L. C. (1983). Decorative models and the readership of magazine ads. Journal of Advertising Research, 23(2), 27–32.
Richmond, D., & Hartman, T. P. (1982). Sex appeal in advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, 22(5), 53–61.
Severn, J., Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (1990). The effects of sexual and nonsexual advertising appeals and information level on cognitive processing and communication effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 14–22.
Skelly, G. U., & Lundstrom, W. J. (1981). Male sex role in magazine advertising, 1959–1979. Journal of Communication, 31(4), 52–57.
Soley, L., & Reid, L. (1988). Taking it off: Are models in magazine ads wearing less? Journalism Quarterly, 65(Winter), 960–966.
Sullivan, G. L., & O’Connor, P. J. (1988). Women’s role portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958–1983, Sex. Roles, 18(3/4), 181–188.
van Zoonen, L. (1994). Feminist media studies. London: Sage.
Walker, J. R. (2000). Sex and violence in program promotion. In S. T. Eastman (Ed.), Research in media promotion (pp. 101–126). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wise, G. L., King, A. L., & Merenski, J. P. (1974). Reactions to sexy ads vary with age. Journal of Advertising Research, 14(4), 11–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reichert, T., Lambiase, J. How to get “kissably close”: Examining how advertisers appeal to consumers’ sexual needs and desires. Sex Cult 7, 120–136 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-003-1006-6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-003-1006-6