Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Understanding support for Mano Dura strategies: Lessons from Brazil and Colombia

  • Published:
Trends in Organized Crime Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There are many scholarly works focusing on organized crime and violence in Latin America. Scholars have shown empirically that tough on crime strategies have had collateral damages and have not been effective. By conducting logistic regression models using individual country survey data, this work seeks to analyze why tough on crime policies remain popular in some Latin American countries despite the decades of research criticizing these strategies. This article explores the cases of Colombia and Brazil, which have long histories of gang activity, organized crime, and violence. These countries also have elected presidential candidates who campaigned on iron fist strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Mano dura strategies generally refer to hardline policies. In this article, we are focusing on the need to increase the penalties for crimes.

  2. The “balloon effect” is an analogy used by drug policy analysts to illustrate the process by which narcotics production is displaced from one region to another as an attempt to evade eradication and interdiction efforts.

  3. The data can be found here: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/core-surveys.php

  4. For more, see: “AmericasBarometer, 2018/2019: Technical Information, https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2018/AmericasBarometer_2018-19_Technical_Report_W_102919.pdf

  5. The recode of the variable is as follows: recode aoj22new (1/3 = 0) (4/7 = 1), gen(tough). There are consequences of collapsing a 7-point Likert Scale into a dummy variable. There is no theoretical or empirical foundation for where to put the number four. We ran the model both ways, but we decided to put it in the second category.

  6. The recodes are as follows: recode q2 (16/28 = 1) (29/39 = 2) (40/50 = 3) (51/61 = 4) (62/72 = 5) (73/86 = 6), gen (age); recode q2 (18/28 = 1) (29/39 = 2) (40/50 = 3) (51/61 = 4) (62/72 = 5) (73/88 = 6), gen (age).

  7. Some scholars like to transform this variable to a 100 point-scale to make it easier to read. However, we have decided not to transform the scale so that we do not distort the variable and lose explanatory power. We have consulted with several scholars about this who have agreed with our assessment.

  8. LAPOP indicates the following command for setting the data: svyset upm [pw = wt], strata(estratopri). The svy command reports linearized coefficients and standard errors.

  9. We ran the model using household income in the last two years and personal monthly income. The variable personal monthly income was statistically significant, but we dropped this variable because it had 883 observations in our sample. The different measures of income are something that we will explore in future studies.

References

  • Amorim C (1993) Comando Vermelho: a história secreta do crime organizado. Editora Record, Río de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  • Antillano A, Ávila K (2017) ¿La mano dura disminuye los homicidios? El Caso de Venezuela/Do heavy-handed tactics reduce homicides? The case of Venezuela. revista cidob d'afers internacionals, pp 77-100

  • Archer KJ, Lemeshow S (2006) Goodness-of-fit test for a logistic regression model fitted using survey sample data. Stata J 6:97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arias ED (2004) Faith in our neighbors: networks and social order in three Brazilian favelas. Latin American Politics and Society 46:1–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arias ED (2006a) Drugs and democracy in Rio de Janeiro: trafficking, social networks, and public security. Univ of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill

    Google Scholar 

  • Arias ED (2006b) The dynamics of criminal governance: networks and social order in Rio de Janeiro. J Lat Am Stud 38:293–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arias ED, Barnes N (2016) Crime and plural orders in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, Current Sociology

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnson C (1999) Comparative peace processes in Latin America. Stanford University Press

  • Asar Y (2017) Some new methods to solve multicollinearity in logistic regression. Commun Stat Simul Comput 46:2576–2586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avilés W (2001) Institutions, military policy, and human rights in Colombia. Lat Am Perspect 28:31–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avilés W (2006) Paramilitarism and Colombia's low-intensity democracy. J Lat Am Stud 38:379–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auyero J, Berti MF (2013) La violencia en los márgenes: una maestra y un sociólogo en el conurbano bonaerense (Vol. 2040). Katz editores.

  • Azpuru D (2008) The political culture of democracy in Guatemala, 2008. The Impact of Governance, Guatemala, LAPOP

  • Bagley B (2011) Carteles de la droga: de Medellín a Sinaloa. Criterios 4:233–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagley B (2012) Drug trafficking and organized crime in the Americas. Woodrow Wilson Center Update of the Americas

  • Bagley BM, Rosen JD (2015) Drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence in the Americas today. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey NA (1967) La violencia in Colombia. Journal of Inter-American Studies 9:561–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basombrio C, Dammert L (2013) Seguridad y Populismo Punitivo en América Latina: lecciones corroboradas, constataciones novedosas y temas emergentes. Wilson Center Update on the Americas. Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson R (2009) The political consequences of crime victimization in Latin America. Midwest Political Science Association’s Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL

  • Bateson R (2012) Crime victimization and political participation. AmericanPolitical Sci Rev 106:570–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Beittel JS (2012) Colombia: background, US relations, and congressional interest: Congressional Research Service

  • Beittel JS (2019) Colombia: background and U.S. relations. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitencourt L (2007) Crime and violence: challenges to democracy in Brazil. In: Tulchin JS, Ruthenburg M (eds) Citizenship in Latin America. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, pp 171–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodemer K (2003) Nuevo escenario de inseguridad en América Latina: Red de Cooperación Eurolatinoamericana-Recal

  • Bonner MD (2019) Tough on crime: the rise of punitive populism in Latin America. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden M (2001) Killing Pablo: the hunt for the world’s greatest outlaw. New York Grove Press

  • Briceño-León R, Camardiel A, Ávila O (1999) Violencia y actitudes de apoyo a la violencia en Caracas1, 2. In: Carrión F (ed) Seguridad Ciudadana: ¿Espejismo o Realidad? Quito, Flacso-OPS/OMS

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan C, DeAngelo L, Ma R et al (2012) AmericasBarometer insights: 2012. Vanderbilt University: LAPOP 80

  • Caldeira TP (2000) City of walls: crime, segregation, and citizenship in São Paulo. Univ of California Press, Berkeley

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Caldeira TP, Holston J (1999) Democracy and violence in Brazil. Comp Stud Soc Hist 41:691–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter TG (2001) Plan Colombia: Washington’s latest drug war failure. Defense and Foreign Studies, Cato Institute, July 27

  • Carreras M (2013) The impact of criminal violence on regime legitimacy in Latin America. Lat Am Res Rev 48:85–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernick M (2000) Elusive peace: struggling against the logic of violence. NACLA Rep Am 34:32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernick M (2001) The dynamics of Colombia’s three-dimensional war. Confl Secur Dev 1:93–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevigny P (2003) The populism of fear: politics of crime in the Americas. Punishment Soc 5:77–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinchilla Miranda L (2002) Public security in Central America. Georgetown

  • Costa ATM (2011) Police brutality in Brazil: authoritarian legacy or institutional weakness? Lat Am Perspect 38:19–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crandall R (2002a) Clinton, bush and plan Colombia. Survival 44:159–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crandall R (2002b) Driven by drugs: US policy toward Colombia. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz JM (2008) The impact of violent crime on the political culture of Latin America: the special case of Central America. In: Seligson MA (ed) Challenges to Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Evidence from the Americas Barometer 2007-2007. Lapop, Nashville, pp 219–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz JM (2016) State and criminal violence in Latin America. Crime, Law and Social Change, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz JM, Boidi MF, Queirolo R (2018) Saying no to weed: public opinion towards cannabis legalisation in Uruguay. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 25:67–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona SA (2017) Challenging the US-led war on drugs: Argentina in comparative perspective. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dammert L, Malone MFT (2006) Does it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 48:27–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defensa Md (2020) Logros de la política de defensa y seguridad Bogotá. Ministerio de Defensa, CO

    Google Scholar 

  • DeShazo P, Primiani T, McLean P (2007) Back from the brink: evaluating progress in Colombia, 1999–2007. CSIS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamint R (2015) A new militarism in Latin America. J Democr 26:155–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond L (1997) Consolidating democracy in the Americas. Annals Am Acad Pol Social Sci 550:12–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias CN, Salla F (2013) Organized crime in Brazilian prisons: the example of the PCC. Int J Criminol Sociol 2:397–408

    Google Scholar 

  • DPN (2019) Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias Brazil Departamento Penitenciário Nacional

  • Fernandez KE, Kuenzi M (2010) Crime and support for democracy in Africa and Latin America. Polit Stud 58:450–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filippone R (1994) The Medellin cartel: why we can't win the drug war. Stud Confl Terror 17:323–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Macías G (2018) The consequences of militarizing anti-drug efforts for state capacity in Latin America: evidence from Mexico. Comparative Politics 51:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GAO (2008) Plan Colombia: drug reduction goals were not fully met, but security has improved. U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance. Government Accountability Office, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzón JC (2015) From drug cartels to predatory micro-networks. In: Bagley B, Rosen JD, Kassab HS (eds) Reconceptualizing security in the Americas in the twenty-first century. Lexington Books, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzón Vergara JC (2008) Mafia & co. The criminal networks in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez Rivera L (2010) Discipline and punish? Youth gangs’ response to ‘zero-tolerance’ policies in Honduras. Bull Lat Am Res 29:492–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán SB (2012) La administración de Álvaro Uribe y su política exterior en materia de derechos humanos: de la negación a la contención estratégica. Análisis Político 25:111–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian F (1990) “Democracy by undemocratic means”? Elites, political pacts, and regime transition in Brazil. Comp Polit Stud 23:147–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartlyn J (1984) Military governments and the transition to civilian rule: the Colombian experience of 1957-1958. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 26:245–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinojosa VJ (2007) Domestic politics and international narcotics control: US relations with Mexico and Colombia, 1989–2000. Routledge, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Holland AC (2013) Right on crime? Conservative party politics and mano dura policies in El Salvador. Lat Am Res Rev 48: 44+

  • Holston J (2009) Dangerous spaces of citizenship: gang talk, rights talk and rule of law in Brazil. Plan Theory 8:12–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hume M (2007) Mano Dura: El Salvador responds to gangs. Dev Pract 17:739–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter W, Power TJ (2019) Bolsonaro and Brazil’s illiberal backlash. J Democr 30:68–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (2020) Atlas de Violência. Available at: https://www.ipea.gov.br/atlasviolencia/dados-series/20

  • Isacson A (2001) Militarizing latin american policy. Foreign Policy in Focus 6:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Isacson A (2005) Failing grades: evaluating the results of plan Colombia. Yale J Int'l Aff 1:138

    Google Scholar 

  • Isacson A (2010) Don’t call it a model. On plan Colombia’s tenth anniversary, claims of ‘success’ don’t stand up to scrutiny. Just the Facts, www. justf. org

  • Isacson A (2014) Ending 50 years of conflict: the challenges ahead and the US role in Colombia. Washington Office on Latin America, pp 1–19

  • Isacson A, Haugaard L, Olson J (2004) Creeping militarization in the Americas. NACLA Rep Am 38:4–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson D (2009) Anger about crime and support for punitive criminal justice policies. Punishment Soc 11:51–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jutersonke O, Muggah R, Rodgers D (2009) Gangs, urban violence, and security interventions in Central America. Secur Dialogue 40:373–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karstedt S (2002) Emotions and criminal justice. Theor Criminol 6:299–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler G (2009) El sentimiento de inseguridad: Sociología del temor al delito. Siglo XXI Editores, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • King RD, Valensia B (2014) Power, control, and symbiosis in Brazilian prisons. South Atl Q 113:503–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kliksberg B (2008) ¿Cómo enfrentar la inseguridad en América Latina? Nueva sociedad 215:4–16

  • Kline HF (1995) Colombia: democracy under assault. Westview Press

  • Krause K (2014) Supporting the Iron fist: crime news, public opinion, and authoritarian crime control in Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society 56:98–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaSusa M (2018) How Brazil’s presidential candidates would tackle deepening insecurity. InSight Crime. InSight Crime, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeds E (1996) Cocaine and parallel polities in the Brazilian urban periphery: constraints on local-level democratization. Lat Am Res Rev 31:47–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann PS, Pickett JT (2017) Experience versus expectation: economic insecurity, the great recession, and support for the death penalty. Justice Q 34:873–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessing B (2015) Logics of violence in criminal war. J Confl Resolut 59:1486–1516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessing B (2017a) Counterproductive punishment: how prison gangs undermine state authority. Ration Soc 29:257–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessing B (2017b) Making peace in drug wars: crackdowns and cartels in Latin America. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lessing B, Willis GD (2019) Legitimacy in criminal governance: managing a drug empire from behind bars. Am Polit Sci Rev 113:584–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitsky S, Way LA (2004) Elecciones sin democracia. El surgimiento del autoritarismo competitivo Estudios Políticos, pp 159–176

  • Luft K (1994) Brazil’s president mobilizes army to combat Rio’s crime. Chicago Tribune, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone MFT (2010a) Does dirty Harry have the answer? Citizen support for the rule of law in Central America. Public Integrity 13:59–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone MFT (2010b) The verdict is in: the impact of crime on public Trust in Central American Justice Systems. Journal of Politics in Latin America 2:99–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marroquín A (2007) Pandillas y prensa en El Salvador. In: Klahr ML and Portillo EL (eds) Violencia y medios: Propuesta iberoamericana de periodismo policial. Mexico City: Instituto para la Seguridad y la Democracia (Insyde). Mexico City: Instituto para la Seguridad y la Democracia., pp 75-92

  • Martz JD (1994) Colombia: democracy, development, and drugs. Curr Hist 93:134

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott J (2013) Medellin truce inches groups closer to criminal hegemony. In Sight Crime. Washington, D.C: American University

  • Medina M (1990) La violencia en Colombia: inercias y novedades1945-1950, 1985-1988. Rev Colomb Soc 1:49–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Míguez DP (2013) Experiencias, Sensaciones y Demandas de (In) seguridad Ciudadana. Configuraciones complejas en la Argentina reciente. Estudios Socio-Jurídicos 15:53–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Mora FO (1996) Victims of the balloon effect: drug trafficking and US policy in Brazil and the southern cone of Latin America. J Soc Political Econ Stud 21:115

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris H (2011) Adios, Uribe. NACLA Rep Am 44:5–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muggah R (2019) Reviewing the costs and benefits of Mano Dura versus crime prevention in the Americas. In: Shaw TM, Mahrenbach L.C.; Modi, R., Yi-Chong, X. (ed) The Palgrave handbook of contemporary international political economy. London: Springer, 465–483

  • Muggah R, Garzón JC, Suárez M. (2018) Mano Dura: the costs and benefits of repressive criminal justice for young people in Latin America. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé institute. https://igarape.org.br/wp-content

  • Pearce J (2004) Collective action or public participation? Complementary or contradictory democratisation strategies in Latin America? Bulletin of Latin American Research 23(4):483–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez OJ (2003) Democratic legitimacy and public insecurity: crime and democracy in El Salvador and Guatemala. Political Sci Q 118:627–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro PS (1996) "Popular responses to state-sponsored violence in Brazil. In: Chalmers DAV, Carlos M.; Hite, Katherine; Martin, Scott B.; Piester, Kerianne; Segarra, Monique (ed) The new politics of inequality in Latin America: rethinking participation and representation New York Oxford University Press

  • Pion-Berlin D, Carreras M (2017) Armed forces, police and crime-fighting in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America 9:3–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pion-Berlin D, Trinkunas H (2011) Latin America's growing security gap. J Democr 22:39–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Polga-Hecimovich J (2019) Bureaucratic politicization, partisan attachments, and the limits of public agency legitimacy: the Venezuelan armed forces under Chavismo. Polga-Hecimovich, John, pp 476–498

  • Pública IS (2020) Séries Históricas Anuais de Taxa de Letalidade Violenta. Instituto de Segurança Pública, Brazil

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues T (2015) Drug-trafficking and security in contemporary Brazil. World Politics of Security 1:235–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen JD, Brienen MW (2015) Prisons in the Americas in the twenty-first century: a human dumping ground. Lexington Books, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanjuán A (2003) Dinámicas de la violencia en Venezuela: tensiones y desafíos para la consolidación de la democracia. In: Bobea L (ed) Entre el crimen y el castigo. Seguridad ciudadana y control democrático en América Latina y el Caribe. Caracas: Flacso-RD / Woodrow Wilson International Center / Nueva Sociedad, Washington, D.C., pp 119–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithey SI, Malone MFT (2014) Crime and public support for the rule of law in Latin America and Africa. Afr J Legal Stud 6:153–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stata (2015) Stata Survey Data Reference Manual. Release 14. Stata Press, College Station

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate W (2009) US human rights activism and plan Colombia. Colombia Internacional, pp 50–69

  • Tickner A (2001) La guerra contra las drogas: las relaciones Colombia Estados Unidos durante la administración Pastrana. Plan Colombia, ensayos críticos, pp 217–223

  • Tickner A (2014) Colombia, the United States, and security cooperation by proxy. Washington DC: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), March 2014. Regional Security Policy, p 2

  • Tokatlian JG (1999) Colombia en guerra: las diplomacias por la paz. Desarrollo económico 39:339–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchin JS, Ruthenburg M (2006) Toward a society under law. In: Tulchin JS, Ruthenburg M (eds) Toward a society under law: citizens and their police in Latin America. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungar M (2009) La mano dura: current dilemmas in Latin American police reform. Criminality, public security, and the challenge to democracy in Latin America, pp 93–118

  • Unnever JD, Cullen FT, Fisher BS (2005) Empathy and public support for capital punishment. J Crime Justice 28:1–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNODC (2012) Transnational organized crime in Central America and the Caribbean. A threat assessment. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • UNODC UNOoDaC (2013) Global study on homicide 2013. United Nations, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Useem B (2003) Prison siting and economic development. Criminology & Pub Pol'y 3:451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasilachis de Gialdino I (2007) Representations of young people associated with crime in El Salvador’s written press. Crit Discourse Stud 4:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GD (2014) Antagonistic authorities and the civil police in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Latin American Research Review 49:3–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WOLA (2016) 15th Anniversary of Plan Colombia: Learning from Its Successes and Failures. Available at: https://www.wola.org/files/1602_plancol/

  • Wolff MJ (2019) Organized crime and the state in Brazil. In: Rosen JDB, Bruce; Chabat, Jorge (ed) the criminalization of states: the relationship between states and organized crime, pp 232-339

  • Yashar D (2011) The left and citizenship rights. In: Levitsky S, Roberts KM (eds) The resurgence of the Latin American left. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 184–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B (1994) Corporatism, totalitarianism, and transitions to democracy. Comp Polit Stud 27:108–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilberg E (2011) Space of detention. The making of a transnational gang crisis between Los Angeles and San Salvador. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments, which greatly helped improve this article. In addition, we want to thank the following people for their statistical consultations over the past year: Barnett Koven, John Polga-Hecimovich, Alexa Bonacquisti, Kimberly Dasch-Yee, Jennifer DeCicco, Stacy McDonald, Jane Whittington, and Jan Buzydlowski. Some of these colleagues have reviewed different regression models, and we thank them for the many conversations about statistical modeling. A special thanks to José Miguel Cruz of Florida International University for his help and support. We have asked him many methodological questions over the past few years, and he has always been an outstanding colleague and friend.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Holy Family University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jonathan D. Rosen

  2. O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India

    Sebastián Cutrona

Authors
  1. Jonathan D. Rosen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sebastián Cutrona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sebastián Cutrona.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Human subject research

This study did not involve human subject research.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rosen, J.D., Cutrona, S. Understanding support for Mano Dura strategies: Lessons from Brazil and Colombia. Trends Organ Crim 24, 324–342 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-020-09396-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-020-09396-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation