Abstract
This paper presents the results of interactions/interviews with an active tobacco bootlegger regarding his illicit entrepreneurial activity spanning his illegal career. This narrative is intended to portray a snapshot of a type of organised criminality within an illicit market place but seeks to add to the critical academic literature responding to State-led depictions of organised crime as an apocalyptic menace. The results of the fieldwork suggest that illicit market enterprise in this context is neither threatening nor predatory, is very ordinary and, crucially, is driven by insatiable consumer demand within local trading networks.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The term ‘runner’ is intended to refer to an individual tasked with taking part in the smuggling run and buying his/her legal limit of tobacco (intended for personal use) in order to maximise the amount of cigarettes which may then be sold upon the individual’s return to the UK. See Von Lampe (2002) for further details.
‘Nowt’, considered to be a colloquial term derived from the North East of England, is taken to mean ‘nothing’.
‘Crack’, sometimes written as ‘craic’, is a colloquial term meaning news, fun, gossip or entertaining conversation.
The term ‘guvvy’ job in this context is intended to mean undertaking undeclared work on a cash-in-hand basis.
References
Adler P (1985) Wheeling and dealing: An ethnography of an upper level drug dealing and smuggling community. Columbia University Press, New York
Antonopoulos GA (2007) ‘Cigarette smugglers: a note on four ‘Unusual Suspects’. Global Crime 8(4):393–398
Antonopoulos GA (2008) The Greek connection(s): the social organization of the cigarette-smuggling business in Greece. Eur J Criminol 5:263–288
Boissevain J (1974) Friends of friends: Networks, manipulators and coalitions. Blackwell, Oxford
Bovenkerk F (1995) La bella bettien. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam
Cabinet Office (2009) ‘The national security strategy of the United Kingdom: Security for the next generation’ http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/read-all-about-it/NationalSecurityStrategy2009v2.pdf
Coles N (2001) It’s not what you know—it’s who you know that counts: analysing serious crime groups as social networks. Br J Criminol 41:580–594
Hall S, Winlow S, Ancrum C (2008) Criminal Identities and Consumer Culture: Crime, Exclusion and the New Culture of Narcissism. Collumpton: Willan Publishing
Gelsthorpe L (2007) The Jack-Roller: telling a story? Theor Criminol 11(4):515–542
HM Revenue & Customs and UK Border Agency (2008) ‘Tackling Tobacco smuggling together: An integrated strategy for HM revenue & customs and the UK border agency’ http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/pbr2008/tobacco-2800.pdf
Hobbs D (1988) Doing the business: Entrepreneurship, the working class and detectives in the east end of London. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hobbs D (1995) Bad business. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hobbs D (1998) Going down the glocal: the local context of organised crime. Howard J Crim Justice 37(4):407–422
Hobbs D (2001) The firm: organised crime on a shifting terrain. Br J Criminol 41:549–560
Home Office (2011) Local to global: Reducing the risk from organised crime. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/organised-crime-strategy?view=Binary
Home Office (2004) One step ahead: A 21st century strategy to defeat organised crime. Cm 6167. The Stationary Office, London
Home Office (2009) Extending our reach: A comprehensive strategy to tackling serious organised crime. Cm 7665. The Stationary Office, London
Hornsby R, Hobbs D (2007) A zone of ambiguity: the political economy of cigarette bootlegging. Br J Criminol 47(4):557–571
Joossens L, Chaloupka F, Merriman D, Yurekli A (2000) Issues in the smuggling of tobacco products. In: Iha P, Chaloupka F (eds) Tobacco control in developing countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Kleemans ER (2007) Organized crime, transit crime, and racketeering. In: Tonry M, Bijleveld C (eds) Crime and justice in the Netherlands. Crime and justice, a review of research 35. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kleemans ER, Van de Bunt HG (1999) The social embeddedness of organized crime. Transl Organized Crime 5(2):19–36
Maruna S, Matravers A (2007) N = 1: criminology and the person. Theor Criminol 11(4):427–442
Morselli C (2005) Contacts, opportunities, and criminal enterprise. University of Toronto Press, Toronto
Morselli C (2009) Inside criminal networks. Springer, New York
NEMS Market Research (2009) North of England tobacco survey http://www.illicittobacconorth.org/FileUploads/NEMS_Full_Report.pdf
Pileggi N (1985) Wise guy. Corgi, London
Ruggiero V (1995) ‘Drug Economics: a Fordist model of criminal capital’, Capital and Class, 55: 131–150
Serious Organised Crime Agency (2010) Annual plan 2010–2011. SOCA, London
Shaw C (1930) The Jack-Roller: A delinquent boy’s own story. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Tobacco Manufacturers Association (2011) UK market summary http://www.the-tma.org.uk/tma-publications-research/facts-figures/uk-tobacco-market-summary/, accessed 10 February 2011
Van Dijck M (2009) Cigarette shuffle: Organising tobacco tax evasion in the Netherlands. In: Van Duyne PC, Antonopoulos GA (eds) The criminal smoke of tobacco policy making: Cigarette smuggling in Europe. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen
Van Duyne PC (2002) Crime–entrepreneurs and financial management. In: van Duyne PC, von Lampe K, Passas N (eds) Upperworld and underworld in cross-border crime. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen
Van Duyne PC (2009) Organizing cigarette smuggling and policy making, ending up in smoke. In: Van Duyne PC, Antonopoulos GA (eds) The criminal smoke of tobacco policy making: Cigarette smuggling in Europe. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen
Vander Beken T, Janssens J, Verpoest K, Balcaen A, Vander Laenen F (2009) Crossing geographical, legal and moral boundaries: the belgian cigarette black market. In: Van Duyne PC, Antonopoulos GA (eds) The criminal smoke of tobacco policy making: Cigarette smuggling in Europe. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen
Vigil JD (1988) Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California. University of Texas Press, Austin
Von Lampe K (2002) The trafficking in untaxed cigarettes in Germany: A case study of the social embeddedness of illegal markets. In: van Duyne PC, von Lampe K, Passas N (eds) Upperworld and underworld in cross-border crime. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen
Von Lampe K and Johansen PO (2003) ‘Criminal networks and trust’ paper presented at the 3rd annual meeting of the European society of criminology, 29 August 2003
Woodiwiss M, Hobbs D (2009) Organized evil and the atlantic alliance: moral panics and the rhetoric of organized crime policing in America and Britain. Br J Criminol 49(1):106–128
World Health Organisation (2012) http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/index.html, accessed 6 October 2012
Zaitch D (2002) Trafficking cocaine: Columbian drug entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. Kluwer Law International, The Hague
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
L’Hoiry, X.D. “Shifting the stuff wasn’t any bother”: Illicit enterprise, tobacco bootlegging and deconstructing the British government’s cigarette smuggling discourse. Trends Organ Crim 16, 413–434 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-013-9188-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-013-9188-2