Abstract
The shift to small- dollar fundraising in the 2020 Democratic nomination contest is not only a change in how campaigns operate. Campaigns that depended on small donors also shifted their rhetoric and behavior, flaunting their “outsider,” populist credentials and decrying politics as usual. The new power of small donors has the potential to be the greatest challenge to the control of party elites over the presidential nomination process since the reforms of the 1970s.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
These results are calculated by the author based on data at OpenSecrets.org.
Sanders raised $216 million and Warren raised $127 million through March 31, 2020. Michael Bloomberg and Tom Steyer spent more money than Sanders and Warren, but nearly all of their funds came from spending their own money. Joe Biden finished sixth in spending in the 2020 nomination contest, behind the candidates listed above and Pete Buttigieg.
This quote is from a Google Doc titled “No Fossil Fuel Money Pledge: Frequently Asked Questions,” which is linked from the NoFossilFuelMoney.org website. The link to the Google Doc is: https://docs.google.com/document/d/130r69xbsc63IU3TvX9CfAWRYSmxNNy4jcu5tv6xvYxo/edit
All quotes from the debate come the transcript made available by Rev.com, https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/december-democratic-debate-transcript-sixth-debate-from-los-angeles
The 2020 Republican primary results can be found at https://www.usatoday.com/elections/results/primaries/republican/
Further Reading
Ackley, K. (2020). Super PACs after 10 years: Often maligned but heavily used. Retrieved from https://www.rollcall.com/2020/01/16/super-pacs-after-10-years-often-maligned-but-heavily-used/
Adkins, R. E., & Dowdle, A. J. (2004). Bumps in the road to the white house. Journal of Political Marketing, 3(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1300/J199v03n04_01
Albert, Z., Desmarais, B. A., & La Raja, R. J. (2015). Campaign finance and primary elections. (). Rochester, NY: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2909026 Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2909026
Almukhtar, S., Griggs, T., Kaplan, T., & Shorey, R. (2019). Top progressives set the fund-raising pace despite relying on small donors: [National desk]. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2306034241?accountid=11724
Azari, J. (2016). Weak parties and strong partisanship are a bad combination. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/11/3/13512362/weak-parties-strong-partisanship-bad-combination
Balz, D. (1999) Bush’s fund-raising opens huge disparity; unprecedented edge likely to limit rivals: [FINAL edition]. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/408507909?accountid=11724
Barber, M. J. (2016). Ideological donors, contribution limits, and the polarization of American legislatures. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 296–310.
Barber, M. J., Canes-Wrone, B., & Thrower, S. (2017). Ideologically sophisticated donors: Which candidates do individual contributors finance? American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12275
Basu, Z. (2020). Announcing new fundraising record, warren campaign makes case for path to nomination. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/elizabeth-warren-campaign-super-tuesday-nomination-25c790fa-1b50-45ce-a984-36d1a05e26e7.html
Bawn, K., Cohen, M., Karol, D., Masket, S., Noel, H., & Zaller, J. (2012). A theory of political parties: Groups, policy demands and nominations in American politics. Perspectives on Politics, 10(3), 571–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592A712001624
Berke, R. L. (1999). Flush times and hungry republicans generate bush campaign windfall. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/431214130?accountid=11724
Blake, A. (2019). Four takeaways from the first fundraising reports of the 2020 campaign. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A582548340/ITOF?u=cuny_johnjay&sid=ITOF&xid=2fc0d96e
Boedy, Matthew. 2019. “Josh Hawley Wants to Break Higher Education to Own the Libs.” TheBulwark.com. August 5, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://thebulwark.com/josh-hawley-wants-to-hurt-higher-education-to-own-the-libs/
Bouie, J. (2016). Bernie’s greatest triumph was his small-donor revolution. Will it change politics on the left? Retrieved from https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/07/how-bernies-small-donor-revolution-could-change-politics-on-the-left.html
Brest, Mike. (2020). Tom Cotton compares Portland protesters to ‘insurrectionists’ who started Civil War. WashingtonExaminer.com. July 21, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/tom-cotton-compares-portland-protesters-to-insurrectionists-who-started-civil-war
Breuninger, K. (2019). Wall Street critics and 2020 democrats Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders take aim at Joe Biden’s corporate ties. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/26/bernie-sanders-elizabeth-warren-attack-joe-biden-corporate-ties.html
Brown, C. W., Powell, L. W., & Wilcox, C. (1995). Serious money: Fundraising and contributing in presidential nomination campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521553 Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/serious-money/57D9F95ED55CD9D1ACA70BCF40E5AD43
Cassino, D. (2018). Coverage and campaign coffers in 2012: Enduring strategies and changes in presidential primaries. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 48(4), 690–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12462
Chamberlain, A. (2010). An inside-outsider or an outside-insider? the republican primary campaign of Ron Paul from a third-party perspective. Politics & Policy, 38(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00230.x
Christenson, D. P., & Smidt, C. D. (2011). Riding the waves of money: Contribution dynamics in the 2008 presidential nomination campaign.10(1), 4–26.
Claggett, W., & Pollock III, P. H. (2006). The modes of participation revisited, 1980-2004. Political Research Quarterly, 59(4), 593–600.
Cohen, M., Karol, D., Noel, H., & Zaller, J. (2009). The party decides: Presidential nominations before and after reform University of Chicago Press.
Corasaniti, N., & Gamio, L. (2020). The extraordinary scale of Bloomberg’s ads, in 6 charts. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/26/us/politics/michael-bloomberg-ad-campaign-spending.html
Damore, D. F. (1997). A dynamic model of candidate fundraising: The case of presidential nomination campaigns. Political Research Quarterly, 50(2), 343–364.
Day, C., & Bykowicz, J. (2019). Donors get creative to give over and over --- the ease of giving money online has some people contributing small amounts dozens, or even hundreds, of times. Wall Street Journal Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2308783188?accountid=11724
Dougherty, M.B. (2019). Josh Hawley versus the Aristocracy. NationalReview.com. May 24, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/05/josh-hawley-attacks-silicon-valley-elites/
Dowdle, A. J., Adkins, R. E., & Steger, W. P. (2009). The viability primary: Modeling candidate support before the primaries. Political Research Quarterly, 62(1), 77–91.
Duffy, M., & Gibbs, N. (1999). Who chose George? (cover story). TIME Magazine, 153(24), 24. Retrieved from http://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=1922057&site=ehost-live
Ensley, M. J. (2009). Individual campaign contributions and candidate ideology. Public Choice, 138, 221–238.
Feigenbaum, J. J., & Shelton, C. A. (2013). The vicious cycle: Fundraising and perceived viability in US presidential primaries. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 8(1), 1–40.
Fouirnaies, A., & Hall, A. B. (2014). The financial incumbency advantage: Causes and consequences https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000139
Fouirnaies, A., & Hall, A. B. (2018). How do interest groups seek access to committees? American Journal of Political Science, 62(1), 132–147.
Francia, P. L. (2018). Free media and twitter in the 2016 presidential election: The unconventional campaign of Donald Trump. Social Science Computer Review, 36(4), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317730302
Francia, P. L., Green, J. C., Herrnson, P. S., Wilcox, C., & Powell, L. W. (2003). The financiers of congressional elections: Investors, ideologues, and intimates. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gillies, J. (2018). “Feel the Bern”: Marketing Bernie Sanders and democratic socialism to primary voters. Political marketing in the 2016 US presidential election (pp. 97-112) Springer.
Gimpel, J. G., Lee, F. E., & Kaminski, J. (2006). The political geography of campaign contributions in American politics https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00450.x
Gimpel, J. G., Lee, F. E., & Pearson-Merkowitz, S. (2008). The check is in the mail: Interdistrict funding flows in congressional elections. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 373–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00318.x
Glasser, S. B. (1999a, December 31). Bush raised less in quarter, but still surpassed rivals: The Washington Post Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/408565555/43BB2BDB4ED1431BPQ/1?accountid=11724
Glasser, S. B. (1999b). Bush’s dash for cash; family, friends join in $50 million goal: [FINAL edition]. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/408470855?accountid=11724
Glasser, S. B. (1999c) Wallets Open Wide for Bush DC Event; Fundraiser Pushes Kitty Near $20 Million. The Washington Post.
Gleckman, H. (2016) Repealing the Affordable Care Act Would Cut Taxes for High Income Households, Raise Taxes for Many Others.” TaxPolicyCenter.org Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/repealing-affordable-care-act-would-cut-taxes-high-income-households-raise-taxes-many-others
Goldmacher, S. (2019a). Following 2020 money, from trickle to torrent: [National desk]. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2274598523?accountid=11724
Goldmacher, S. (2019b). ‘Underappreciated’ powerhouse in a race for small donors: [National desk]. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2197728375?accountid=11724
Gude, S. (2020). This can’t just be about a presidential campaign. it has to be about a political revolution. Retrieved from https://jacobinmag.com/2020/02/bernie-sanders-political-revolution-democratic-party-race-iowa-caucus
Halperin, M., & Heilemann, J. (2012). Double down: Game change 2012. New York: Penguin Press.
Hassell, H. J. (2017). The party’s primary: Control of congressional nominations Cambridge University Press.
Heilemann, J. (2007, April 13). How Barack Obama struck fund-raising gold --. New York Magazine, Retrieved from https://nymag.com/news/politics/30634/
Hendricks, J. A., & Denton, R. E. (2010). Communicator-in-chief: How Barack Obama used new media technology to win the White House. Lexington Books.
Henney, M. (2019). Warren blasts billionaires in new commercial calling for wealth tax. Retrieved from https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/warren-blasts-billionaires-in-new-commercial-calling-for-wealth-tax
Hinckley, K. A., & Green, J. C. (1996). Fund-raising in presidential nomination campaigns: The primary lessons of 1988. Political Research Quarterly, 49(4), 693–718. https://doi.org/10.2307/449132
Hindman, M. (2005). The real lessons of Howard Dean: Reflections on the first digital campaign. Perspectives on Politics, 3(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592705050115
Johnson, B. N. (2013). Political giving: Making sense of individual campaign contributions First Forum Press, Inc.
Kalla, J. L., & Broockman, D. E. (2016). Campaign contributions facilitate access to congressional officials: A randomized field experiment. American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 545–558.
Kaplan, T. (2019, September 25). A candidate opposed to billionaires unveils his tax proposal. New York Times
Katz, J., Lai, R. K. K., Shorey, R., & Kaplan, T. (2019). Counting democratic donors and dollars: Sanders has the most and gets the most. But look deeper.: [National desk]. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2268124235?accountid=11724
Kayden, X. (1985). Effects of the present system of campaign financing on special interest groups. Before Nomination: Our Primary Problems, Ed. George Grassmuck. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute,
Klein, E. (2019). Elizabeth Warren’s plan to pass her plans. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/12/18652215/elizabeth-warren-interview-2020-democratic-primary-policies
Lach, E. (2019). Why famous, powerful presidential candidates are begging you for five dollars. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-famous-powerful-presidential-candidates-are-begging-you-for-five-dollars
Lee, M. Y. H. (2019a). Sanders reaches 4 million donations, thanks in part to automatic monthly giving. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A606297414/ITOF?u=cuny_johnjay&sid=ITOF&xid=a3f92df6
Lee, M. Y. H. (2019b). Warren has big haul despite shunning big donors. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/2253667395?accountid=11724
Lee, M. Y. H., & Wang, A. B. (2020). Warren raised $21.2 million, Klobuchar $11.4 million in fourth quarter of 2019, campaigns say. The Washington Post Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A610379887/ITOF?u=cuny_johnjay&sid=ITOF&xid=893208fb
Levine, C. (2019, −04-17 T04:01:41+00:00). Why democrats are falling over themselves to find small-dollar donors. Retrieved from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-democrats-are-falling-over-themselves-to-find-small-dollar-donors/
Li, H. & Pomerleau K. (2018) The Distributional Impact of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act over the Next Decade. TaxFoundation.org. June 28, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://taxfoundation.org/the-distributional-impact-of-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-over-the-next-decade/
Magelby, D. B. (2019). Change and continuity in the financing of the 2016 U.S. federal election. In D. B. Magelby (Ed.), Financing the 2016 election (pp. 1–54). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Magelby, D. B., & Mayer, W. G. (2008). Presidential nomination finance in the post-BCRA era. In W. G. Mayer (Ed.), The making of the presidential candidates 2008 (pp. 141–168). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Malbin, M. J. (2013). Small donors: Incentives, economies of scale, and effects. The Forum, 11(3) 385–411.
Mann, T. E., & Corrado, A. (2014). Party polarization and campaign finance. Strengthening American Democracy, 96
Morgan, D.. (2017). Republican Obamacare repeal would benefit wealthiest: study Reuters.com. March 13, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2020 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obamacare-taxes/republican-obamacare-repeal-would-benefit-wealthiest-study-idUSKBN16K2G6
Mutz, D. C. (1995). Effects of horse-race coverage on campaign coffers: Strategic contributing in presidential primaries. The Journal of Politics, 57(4), 1015–1042. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960400
Polsby, N. W. (1983). Consequences of party reform Oxford University Press, USA.
Potter, T., & Manatt, D. (2002). Internet politics 2000: Overhyped, then underhyped, the revolution begins. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 1(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/153312902753300042
Sammon, A. (2020). Take the money and run. Retrieved from https://prospect.org/api/content/1145625c-3e0c-11ea-8920-1244d5f7c7c6/
Schouten, F. (2020). Bloomberg and Steyer spent more than three quarters of a billion dollars on the 2020 race. Voters didn’t care.
Scott, D. (2019). 2020 democrats’ campaign finance pledges, explained. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/24/18656919/2020-democratic-presidential-candidates-campaign-donations-finance-pledges
Sifry, M. L. (2018). Starting from scratch. New Republic, 249(12), 4–6. Retrieved from http://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=133064821&site=ehost-live
Steen, J. A. (2006). Self-financed candidates in congressional elections. Ann Arbour, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Steger, W. P. (2000). Do primary voters draw from a stacked deck? presidential nominations in an era of candidate-centered campaigns. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 30(4), 727–753.
Steger, W. P. (2016). Conditional arbiters: The limits of political party influence in presidential nominations. PS: Political Science & Politics, 49(4), 709–715. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096516001694
Stewart, E. (2019). “Elizabeth Warren called me!” is turning into a meme. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/5/22/18635846/elizabeth-warren-twitter-calls-ashley-nicole-black
Swearingen, C. D. (2019). Laying the foundation for a successful presidential campaign: Public attention and fundraising in the preprimary period*. Social Science Quarterly, 100(4), 1308–1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12631
Tam Cho, W. K. (2003). Contagion effects and ethnic contribution networks. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 368–387.
Van Natta, D. (1999, July 21). Pressed, Bush identifies some of his biggest financial backers. New York Times
Van Natta, D. (2000). McCain gets big payoff on web site. New York Times Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/431375790?accountid=11724
Westbrook, R. (2019). Socialism and the democracy deficit. New Republic, 250(6), 30–36.
Whitby, K. J. (2014). Strategic decision-making in presidential nominations: When and why party elites decide to support a candidate SUNY Press.
Wilcox, C. (2008). Internet fundraising in 2008: A new model? The Forum, 6(1)
Wilson, R. (2020). ActBlue says it raised $1 billion for democrats in 2019. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/477496-actblue-says-it-raised-1-billion-for-dems-in-2019
Zeleny, J., & Healy, P. (2007). Obama shows his strength in a fund-raising feat on par with Clinton. New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from https://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/848044206?accountid=11724
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arbour, B. Tiny Donations, Big Impact: How Small-Dollar Donors are Eroding the Power of Party Insiders. Soc 57, 496–506 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-020-00520-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-020-00520-4