References
The only comprehensive historical study with extensive documentation from both primary and secondary sources on African American Business history, including the period since 1939 is, Juliet E. K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. For topics in Black business history, such as the black hair products industry the black funeral industry, sports, athlete enterprises and entrepreneurs, set-asides, Nation of Islam enterprises and women business enterprises, brief biographies of entrepreneurs and an extensive black business history chronology, see Juliet E. K. Walker, Encyclopedia of African American Business History. Also see “Online Index of the Encyclopedia at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/becites/business/afro/98044218.idx.html. For detailed biographies and brief historical assessments see John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, African American Business Leaders: A Biogrpahical Dictionary. On black business history from a sociological perspective, see John Sibley Butler. Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans. Only a few specific studies on black business communities have been undertaken for the period after 1939. See David Caplovitz http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803901488/mbnglobalminorit, St Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, The Kerner Report: The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder, Vishnu Oak, The Negro's Adventure in General Business, Joseph A. Pierce, Negro Business and Business Education. Additional information on black business before 1944 can be found in Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma. Also the recent study by Bessie House-Soremekun, Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland. For studies that inform on specific topic in African American business history in the period from 1939 to 2001 see the following sources.
Andrews, Marcellus. The Political Economy of Hope and Fear: Capitalism and the Black Condition in America. New York: New York University Press.
Ballard, Donna. Doing It for Ourselves: Success Stories of African American Women in Business. New York: Berkley Books, 1997.
Bates, Timothy M. Banking on Black Enterprise: The Potential of Emerging Firms for Revitalizing Urban Economies. Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1993.
Bates, Timothy Mason. Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream. Washington, D.C and Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Bean, Jonathan J. Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001.
Bell, Ella L. J. Edmondson and Nkomo, Stella M. Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001.
Bell, Gregory S. In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street. New York: John Wiley, 2002.
Boston, Thomas D. Affirmative Action and Black Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Boston, Thomas D., ed. A Different Vision: African American Economic Thought. London: Routledge, 1996.
Buni, Andrew. Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.
Butler, John Sibley. Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Caplovitz, David. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803901488/mbnglobalminorit/. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. January 1973.
Chin, Elizabeth. Purchasing Power: Black Kids and American Consumer Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
Clarke, Caroline V. Take a Lesson: Today's Black Achievers on How They Made It & What They Learned Along the Way New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Collins, Sharon. Black Corporate Executives: The Making and Breaking of a Black Middle Class. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
Connerly, Ward. Creating Equal: My Fight Against Race Preferences. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000.
Cross, Theodore. Black Capitalism: Strategies for Business in the Ghetto. New York: Atheneum, 1969.
Curry, George E. The Affirmative Action Debate. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1996.
Darity, William A. and Samuel L. Myers, Jr., Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality Since 1945. New York: Edward Elgar, 1998.
Dingle, Derek. Black Enterprise Titans of the B.E. 100s: Black CEOs Who Redefined and Conquered American Business. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.
Drake, St. Clair and Horace Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945.
Drake, W. Avon and Robert D. Holsworth, Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest for Black Progress. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Du Bois, William E. B. The Negro in Business. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press, 1898.
Edley, Christopher F. Not All Black and White: Affirmative Action, Race and American Values. New York: Hill and Want, 1996.
Early, Gerald Lyn. One Nation under a Groove: Motown and American Culture. Ecco Press, 1994.
Ebor, Bash, ed., Cyber ghetto or Cypertopia?: Race, Class and Gender on the Internet. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998.
Fairlie, Robert W. Ethnic and Racial Entrepreneurship: A Study of Historical and Contemporary Differences. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
Fraser, George C. Success Runs in Our Race: The Complete Guide to Effective Networking in the African-American Community. New York: W. Morrow, 1994.
Gaston, Arthur G. Green Power: The Successful War of A. G. Gaston. Birmingham: Southern University Press, 1968.
Gordy, Berry. To Be Loved: The Music, the Magic, the Memories of Motown, An Autobiography. New York: Warner Books, 1994.
Graves, Earl G. How to Succeed in Business Without Being White. New York: HarperBusiness, 1997.
Green, Shelley and Paul Pryde. Black Entrepreneurship in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 1989.
Greenberg, Jonathan D. Staking a Claim: Jake Simmons and the Making of an African American Oil Dynasty. New York: Atheneum, 1990.
Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.
Halter, Marilyn, ed., foreword, Peter L. Berger. New Migrants in the Marketplace. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.
Handy, John. An Analysis of Black Business Enterprises. New York: Garland Publishing, 1989.
Harris, Abram L. The Negro As Capitalist: A Study of Banking and Business Among Negroes Washington, D. C.: The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1936; reprint, College Park, MD: McGrath Publishing Company, 1963.
Harmon, J. H., Jr., Arnett G. Lindsay and Carter G. Woodson, The Negro as a Business Han. 1929; reprint, College Park, MD: McGrath Publishing Company, 1969.
Henderson, Alexa Benson. Atlanta Life Insurance Company: Guardian of Black Economic Dignity. Tuscaloosa, AL.: University of Alabama Press, 1990.
hooks, bell and Cornel West. Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual. South End Press, 1991.
House-Soremekun, Bessie. Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2002.
Jalloh, Alusine and Falola Toyin, eds. Black Business and Economic Power. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2002.
Ingham, John N. and Lynne B. Feldman African American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Johnson, John H., with Lerone Bennett, Jr. Succeeding Against the Odds: The Inspiring Autobiography of One of America's Wealthiest Entrepreneurs, John H. Johnson. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1989.
Kelley, Norman, ed. R&B (Rhythm and Business): The Political Economy of Black Music. New York: Akashic Books, 2002.
Kern-Foxworth, Marilyn. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.
Kerner, Otto. The Kerner Report: What Happened? Why It Happened? What Can Be Done? The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. New York: Bantam Books, 1968.
Kijakazi, Kilolo. African American Economic Development and Small Business Ownership. New York: Garland Publishing, 1997.
Kofsky, Frank. Black Music, White Business. New York: Pathfinder, 1997.
Kotkin, Joel. Tribes: How Race, Religion and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993.
LaFeber, Walter. Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Lapchick, Richard E., ed. Sports in American: Equal Opportunity or Business as Usual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.
Latifah, Queen, with Karen Hunter. Ladies First: Revelations from a Strong Woman. New York: William Morrow, 1999.
Lewis, Reginald F. and Blair S. Walker. “Why Should White Guys Have All the Fun?”: How Reginald Lewis Created a Billion-Dollar Business Empire. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
Light, Ivan and Parminder Bhachu. Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 1993.
Light, Ivan and Carolyn Rosenstein. Race, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship in Urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995.
Lovett, Bobby L. A Black Man's Dream, The First 100 Years: Richard Henry Boyd and the National Baptist Publishing Board. Jacksonville, FL: Mega Corp., 1993, pp. 193–200.
McWhorter, John. Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001.
Malveaux, Julianne. Wall Street, Main Street, and the Side Street: A Mad Economist Takes a Stroll. Los Angeles: Pines One Publications, 1999.
Marable, Manning. How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America. Boston: South End Press, 1983.
Massey, D. S. and N. A. Denton. American Apartheid. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944.
Oak, Vishnu Vitthal. The Negro's Adventure in General Business. Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970 [c. 1949].
Ogg, Alex. The Men Behind Def Jam: The Radical Rise of Russell Simmons And Rick Rubin. New York: Omnibus Press, 2002.
Ofari, Earl. The Myth of Black Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
Marable, Manning. How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America. Boston: South End Press, 1983.
Oliver, Melvin and Thomas M. Shapiro. Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Ottley, Roi. The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1955.
Overmyer, James. Queen of the Negro Leagues: Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998.
Pierce, Joseph A. Negro Business and Business Education. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947.
Pierre, Ulwyn L. J. The Myth of Black Corporate Mobility. New York: Garland Publishers, 1998.
Posner, Gerald L. Motown: Money, Power, Sex, and Music. New York: Random House, 2002.
Puth, Robert C. Supreme Life: The History of a Negro Life Insurance Company. New York: Arno, 1976.
Reed, Adolph L. The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis of Purpose in Afro-American Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
Ronin, Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean “Puffy” Combs on the Music Industry. New York: Pocket Star, 2001.
Rooks, Noliwe M. Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
Saunders, James R. Tightrope Walk: Identity, Survival and the Corporate World in African-American Literature. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 1997.
Silverman, Robert Mark. Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago's Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
Simmons, Russel and Nelson George, contributor. Def: Sex, Drugs, Money, and God. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. 2001.
Simms, Margaret, ed. Economic Perspectives on Affirmative Action. Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1995.
Sowell, Thomas Sowell. Compassion Versus Guilt. New York: William Morrow Co., 1987.
Sowell, Thomas. Markets and Minorities. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
Sowell, Thomas. Race and Economics, New York: Longman, Inc., 1975.
Steele, Shelby. The Content of Our Character. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
Stuart, M. S.. An Economic Detour: A History of Insurance in the Lives of American Negroes. New York: Wendell Malliett and Company, 1940.
Sturdivant, Frederick K., ed. The Ghetto Marketplace. New York: The Free Press, 1969.
Thomas, David A. and John J. Gabarro. Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.
Todd, Gwendolyn Powell. Innovation and Growth in an African American Owned Business. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
Walker, Juliet E. K. Encyclopedia of African American Business History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.
Walker, Juliet E. K.. The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. New York/London: MacMillan/Prentice Hall International, 1998.
Walker, Juliet E. K. Oprah Winfrey: An American Entrepreneur. Harvard Business School Press, 2004.
Wallace, Phyllis Ann with Linda Datcher and Julianne Malveaux. Black Women in the Labor Force. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980.
Wallace, Robert L. Black Wealth Through Black Entrepreneurship. Edgewood, MD: Duncan and Duncan, Inc., 1993.
Washington, Booker T. The Negro in Business. Boston: Hertel, Jenkins & Co., 1907.
Waters, Mary: Black Identities: West African Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Watkins, S. Craig. Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Weare, Walter. Black Business in the New South: A Social History of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.
Weems, Robert E. Black Business in the Black Metropolis: The Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company, 1925–1985. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Weems, Jr., Robert E.. Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
West, Cornell. Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Wier, Sadye H. and John F. Marszalck. A Black Businessman in White Mississippi, 1886–1974. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1977.
Williams, Walter. More Liberty Means Less Government: Our Founders Knew This Well. Hoover Institution Press Publication; No. 453, 1999.
Wilson, Sunnie with John Cohassey. Toast of the Town: The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998.
Woodward, Michael D. Black Entrepreneurs in America: Stories of Struggle and Success. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
Wynter, Leon E. American Skin: Pop Culture, Big Business, and the End of White America. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 2002.
Yon, In-Jin. On My Own: Korean Business and Race Relations in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
About this article
Cite this article
Walker, J.E.K. War, women, song: The tectonics of black business and entrepreneurship, 1939–2001. Rev Black Polit Econ 31, 65–116 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-004-1005-3
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-004-1005-3