Skip to main content
Log in

Eighth Wonder of the Western World: the Survival of African-Americans in a Hostile Environment

  • REVIEW ESSAY
  • Published:
Journal of African American Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The seven Western claimed wonders of the world were compiled by Greek poet Antipater. Not normally acknowledged, the survival of African descended peoples in a hostile Western environment is essential for appreciation of the seven wonders. In the midst of colorism and stereotype, the stresses associated with African-American skin color have been trivialized because color is all but Eurocentric irrelevant. Such colorism facilitates stereotype erroneously acted out as racism. Hence, transgression by racism is in fact transgression by colorism. In the aftermath is operation of criminal stereotypes and African-Americans as less intelligent that exacts consequences upon their survival. African-American survival is miraculous enduring not only historical lynching in northern locations such as Minnesota but death by state-sanctioned suffocation in the same state. Subsequently, commensurate with the towering monuments of Western civilization is the towering survival of African-Americans in a hostile environment commencing to eighth wonder of the Western world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agier, M. (1995). Discrimination culture and black identity in Brazil. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 14(3), 245–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, N. (2021). Remembering Tamir Rice and other black boy victims: Imagining black playcrit literacies inside and outside urban literacy education. Urban Education, 56(5), 744–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, P., & Price, M. (1995). The seven wonders of the western world. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colman, A. (2016). Race differences in IQ: Hans Eysenck’s contribution to the debate in the light of subsequent research. Personality an Individual Differences, 103, 182–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collazo, J. S. (2017). NASA’s hidden figures: Women you need to know. Retrieved on May 27, 2021 from https://www.biography.com/news/hidden-figures-movie-real-women

  • Edwards, D. (2000). Ancient African civilizations: Kush and Axum. The Historian, 62(4), 856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. (2003). Building the Great Pyramid: Probable construction methods. Technology and Culture, 4(2), 340–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fedo, M. (2009). The Lynchings in Duluth. Minnesota Historical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A., Haner, M., Sloan, M., Cullen, F., Kulig, T., et al. (2020). Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America. Victims & Offenders, 15(5), 549–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooden, S. (2004). Examining the implementation of welfare reform by race: Do blacks Hispanics and whites report similar experiences? The Review of Black Political Economy, 32(2), 27–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, J. (2004). Commentary on “The black struggle”: Metaphors of depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 352–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenbalg, C. (1995). Between myth and facts: Discrimination and race relations in Brazil. Dados, 38(2), 355–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve. The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E., Tiefenthaler, A., Tribert, C., Jordan, D., Willis, H., & Stein, R. (2021). How George Floyd was killed in police custody. Retrieved on May 27, 2021 from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html

  • Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitano, H. (1985). Race relations. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaVeist, T., Fullilove, M., & Fullilove, R. (2019). 400 years of inequality since Jamestown of 1619. American Journal of Public Health, 109(1), 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marira, T., & Mitra, P. (2013). Colorism: Ubiquitous yet understudied. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 6(1), 103–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, S. (2017). Simply Psychology: Stereotypes. Retrieved on May 27, 2021 from https://www.simplypsychology.org/katz-braly.html

  • Orey, B., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Melanated millennials and the politics of black hair. Social Science Quarterly, 100(6), 2458–2476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, T., & Snyder-Yuly, J. (2007). Any four black men will do: Rape race and the ultimate scapegoat. Journal of Black Studies, 37(6), 859–895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perney, L., Hyde, E., & Machock, B. (1977). Black intelligence: A re-evaluation. Journal of Negro Education, 46(4), 450–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reece, R. (2018). Genesis of US colorism and skin tone stratification: Slavery freedom and mulatto-black occupational inequality in the late 19th century. Review of Black Political Economy, 45(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A. (2017). The wonder of the Pyramids. Nature, 550(7676), 330–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarre, C. (2004). The seven wonders of the ancient world. Classical Bulletin, 80(1), 125–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, S. (2019). Linguistic and ethnic media stereotypes in everyday talk: Humor and identity construction among friends. Journal of Pragmatics, 152, 186–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, F. (2005). Review of publication bias in studies on publication bias: Studies on publication bias are probably susceptible to the bias they study. British Medical Journal, 331(7517), 637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smalarz, L., Madon, S., Yang, Y., Guyll, M., & Buck, S. (2016). The perfect match: Do criminal stereotypes bias forensic evidence analysis? Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 420–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theman, V., & Witty, P. (1943). Case studies and genetic records of two gifted Negroes. The Journal of Psychology, 15, 165–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzogara, E. (2019). Gendered racism biases: Associations of phenotype with discrimination and internalized oppression among Latinx American women and men. Race and Social Problems, 11(1), 80–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. (2019). Everyday colorism: Reading in the language arts classroom. English Journal, 108(4), 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavirsek, D. (2005). Glowing racisms of western democracies. Socialno Delo, 44(4–5), 251–258.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ronald E Hall.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hall, R.E. Eighth Wonder of the Western World: the Survival of African-Americans in a Hostile Environment. J Afr Am St 25, 602–613 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-021-09561-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-021-09561-3

Keywords

Navigation