Abstract
The research base establishing connections between children who identify as African American and increased disciplinary referrals due to defiance and/or insubordination has long been established. In August of 2014, the author was hired to serve as an assistant principal at a Title 1 urban public elementary school in the Midwestern USA. The author cataloged nearly 1000 referrals using an internal data management system while eliminating the consequence(s) of suspension and/or expulsion for the offense of “defiance.” The study found that, despite this limitation, African American students were grossly overrepresented in both disciplinary referrals and exclusionary discipline.
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Appendix
Appendix
Raw number of referrals
Mean number of referrals per day
Grade level referrals
Referrals/exclusionary discipline per month
Referrals by ethnicity
Referrals by grade level
Referral type by ethnicity
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Van Dyke, J.D. Removing Defiance: An Analysis of Disciplinary Referral Data of African American Children Within a Title 1 School. J Afr Am St 20, 53–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-015-9318-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-015-9318-9