Abstract
Androphilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult females. In Independent Samoa, androphilic males, most of whom are effeminate or transgendered, are referred to as fa’afafine, which means “in the manner of a woman.” Previous research has established that fa’afafine report significantly higher avuncular tendencies relative to gynephilic men. We hypothesized that Samoan fa’afafine might adopt feminine gender role orientations with respect to childcare activity. If so, then the fa’afafine’s femininity might be a proximate mechanism for promoting their elevated avuncular tendencies. Our analyses indicated that fa’afafine had significantly higher willingness to assist in the childcare of nieces and nephews than childless women, mothers, or men, none of whom differed from each other on this measure. Thus, femininity does not appear to explain the fa’afafine’s pattern of avuncular tendencies, nor the women’s pattern of materteral (i.e., aunt-like) tendencies, relative to gynephilic men. We discuss how the fa’afafine “third” gender status might influence the expression of their elevated avuncular tendencies.
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Notes
Fales are traditional, open, one-room dwellings (oval, round, or rectangular) with thatched or corrugated tin roofs supported by wood pillars. Fale floors are made of stones (which are then covered with woven mats), wood, or cement (Lal and Fortune 2000). Front gardens are ornamental gardens that are positioned in front of dwellings (Kitts 2006). These gardens are unique and salient features of Samoan homes and villages.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Resitara Apa, Nancy H. Bartlett, Vester Fido Collins, Peniamina Tolovaa Fagai, Liulauulu Faaleolea Ah Fook, Tyrone Laurenson, Jeannette Mageo, Gaualofa Matalavea, Nella Tavita-Levy, David S. Pocock, Trisha Tuiloma, the Kuka family of Savai’i, the Government of Samoa, and all of the individuals who agreed to participate in our study. We also thank three anonymous reviewers and Andrea Camperio Ciani for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. We extend special thanks to Alatina Ioelu, without whose help this study would not have been possible. PLV was funded by the University of Lethbridge and a NSERC of Canada Discovery Grant. DPV was funded by an Alberta Graduate Scholarship, a NSERC of Canada Graduate Scholarship-D3, and a Grant-In-Aid of Research from Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
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Vasey, P.L., VanderLaan, D.P. Materteral and Avuncular Tendencies in Samoa. Hum Nat 20, 269–281 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9066-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9066-4