Abstract
Solid tumors in children are a major cause of death in the developed countries and now even in the developing countries. Of these tumors, neuroblastoma, the most common tumor in children, despite extensive and on-going research and clinical trials still remains an enigma. About 50 % of children with neuroblastoma overall succumb to the disease. This tumor generates lot of curiosity in developing newer therapies for management, but creates equal amount of frustration albeit a risk-stratification system, patients with the same clinical-pathologic parameters and being treated with the same protocols may have markedly different clinical courses and outcomes. Most of the neuroblastomas are sporadic but some are familial. This article aims at understanding the different protocols existing for the risk stratification and management of neuroblastomas. Further, it also aims to study the outcomes of the several different stages of the tumor all across the country as well as in India.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chu CM, Rasalkar DD, Hu YJ, Cheng FWT, Li CK, Chu WCW. Clinical presentations and imaging findings of neuroblastoma beyond abdominal mass and a review of imaging algorithm. Br J Radiol. 2011;84:81–91.
Laverdière C, Liu Q, Yasui Y, et al. Long-term outcomes in survivors of neuroblastoma: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1131–40.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma. Accessed on 12/1/12.
Beckwith B, Perrin EV. In situ neuroblastomas: a contribution to the natural history of neural crest tumors. Am J Pathol. 1963;43:1089–104.
Pritchard J, Cotterill SJ, Germond SM, Imeson J, de Kraker J, Jones DR. High dose melphalan in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma: results of a randomized trial (ENSG-1) by the European Neuroblastoma Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;44:348–57.
Pearson AD, Pinkerton CR, Lewis IJ, et al. High-dose rapid and standard induction chemotherapy for patients aged over 1 year with stage 4 neuroblastoma: a randomized trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:247–56.
Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Seeger RC, et al. Treatment of high risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children’s Cancer Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1165–73.
Berthold F, Boos J, Burdach S, et al. Myeloablative megatherapy with autologous stem cell rescue versus oral maintenance chemotherapy as consolidation treatment in patients with high risk neuroblastoma: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:649–58.
Clinical Trials PDQ- National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2011-27-12.
Observation, combination chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or autologous stem cell transplant in treating young patients with neuroblastoma – Full text view-Clinical Trials gov.
George RE, Li S, Medeiros-Nancarrow C, et al. High risk neuroblastoma treated with tandem autologous peripheral blood stem cell-supported transplantation:long term-survival update. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2891–6.
Cohn SL, Pearson ADJ, London WB, et al. The international neuroblastoma risk group (INRG) classification system: an INRG task force report. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:289–97.
Cohn SL, London WB, Monclair T, Matthay KK, Ambros PF, Pearson AD, for the INRG Working Group. Update on the development of the international neuroblastoma risk group (INRG) classification schema. J Clin Oncol. 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition).2007;25:9503.
Monclair T. The new international neuroblastoma risk group staging system-implications for surgeons. SIOP Education Book 2920, pp. 64–6.
Bosworth T. New neuroblastoma classification could facilitate trials. Clinical Oncology News Solid Tumors. 2007;02:09.
www.cncfhope.org/High_Risk_Neuroblastoma_Treatment. Accessed on 02/1/12
Defachelles AS, Cougnenc O, Carpentier P. Radio iodised metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in the treatment of neuroblastoma: modalities and indications. Bull Cancer. 2011;98:559–69.
Park JR, Eggert A, Caron H. Neuroblastoma: biology, prognosis and treatment. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2008;55:97–120.
Modak S, Cheung NK. Neuroblastoma: therapeutic strategies for a clinical enigma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36:307–17.
Kushner BH, Cohn SL, Matthay KK, et al. Risk status and surgical intervention. In: Cheung I, Cohn SL, eds. Neuroblastoma. Heidelberg: Springer; 2005. pp. 155.
Kaneko M. Past and future role of surgery in neuroblastoma. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;106:418–21.
Salim A, Mullassery D, Pizer B, McDowell HP, Losty PD. Neuroblastoma: a 20-year experience in a UK regional centre. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57:1254–60.
Holgerson LO, Subramaniam S, Kirpekar M, Mootabar H, Marcus JR. Spontaneous resolution of antenatally diagnosed adrenal masses. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:153–5.
Grandó A, Monteggía V, Gandar C, Ruano R, Bunduki V, Zugaib M. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of adrenal neuroblastoma. J Clin Ultrasound. 2001;29:250–3.
Kostyrka B, Li J, Soundappan SV, et al. Features and outcomes of neonatal neuroblastoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011;27:937–41.
Granata C, Fagnani AM, Gambini C, et al. Features and outcome of neuroblastoma detected before birth. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:88–91.
Michalowski MB, Rubie H, Michon J, et al. Neonatal localized neuroblastoma: 52 cases treated from 1990 to 1999. Arch Pediatr. 2004;11:782–8.
Acharya S, Jayabose S, Kogan SJ, et al. Prenatally diagnosed neuroblastoma. Cancer. 1997;80:304–10.
Jennings RW, LaQuaglia MP, Leong K, Hendren WH, Adzick NS. Fetal neuroblastoma: prenatal diagnosis and natural history. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:1168–74.
Ho PT, Estroff JA, Kozakewich H, et al. Prenatal detection of neuroblastoma: a ten-year experience from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital. Pediatrics. 1993;92:358–64.
Auber F, Larroquet M, Bonnard A, et al. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2005;33:228–31.
Moon SB, Shin HB, Seo JM, Lee SK. Clinical features and surgical outcome of a suprarenal mass detected before birth. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26:241–6.
Davidoff AM. Neuroblastoma. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2012;21:2–14.
Verissimo CS, Molenaar JJ, Fitzsimons CP, Vreugdenhil E. Neuroblastoma therapy: what is in the pipeline? Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011;18:R213–31.
El-Sayed MI, Ali AM, Sayed HA, Zaky EM. Treatment results and prognostic factors of pediatric neuroblastoma: a retrospective study. Int Arch Med. 2010;3:37.
Dong K-R, Li K, Gao J-C, Lu Z-B, Xiao X-M. Treatment results of neuroblastoma with a standardization protocol. Chinese J Pediatr Surg. 2008;29.
Matthay KK, Perez C, Seeger RC, et al. Successful treatment of stage III neuroblastoma based on prospective biologic staging: a Children's Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:1256–64.
Balwierz W, Wieczorek A, Klekawka T, et al. Treatment results of children with neuroblastoma: report of Polish Pediatric Solid Tumor Group. Przegl Lek. 2010;67:387–92.
Bansal D, Marwaha RK, Trehan A, Rao KL, Gupta V. Profile and outcome of neuroblastoma with conventional chemotherapy in children older than one year: a 15-years experience. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:135–9.
Kusumakumary P, Ajithkumar TV, Ratheesan K, Chellam VG, Nair MK. Pattern and outcome of neuroblastoma. A 10 year study. Indian Pediatr. 1998;35:223–9.
Rao SR, Iyer RS, Nair CN, Kurkure PA, Pai SK, Advani SH. Infantile neuroblastoma: 10 year TMH experience. Indian J Cancer. 1993;30:85–7.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Role of Funding Source
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhatnagar, S.N., Sarin, Y.K. Neuroblastoma: A Review of Management and Outcome. Indian J Pediatr 79, 787–792 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0748-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0748-2