Abstract
Let p, q be distinct primes satisfying gcd(p − 1, q − 1) = d and let Di, i = 0, 1, · · · ,d − 1, be Whiteman’s generalized cyclotomic classes with \(\mathbb {Z}_{pq}^{\ast }=\cup _{i = 0}^{d-1}D_{i}\). In this paper, we give the values of Gauss periods based on the generalized cyclotomic sets \(D_{0}^{\ast }=\cup _{i = 0}^{\frac {d}{2}-1}D_{2i}\) and \(D_{1}^{\ast }=\cup _{i = 0}^{\frac {d}{2}-1}D_{2i + 1}\). As an application, we determine a lower bound on the 2-adic complexity of the modified Jacobi sequence. Our result shows that the 2-adic complexity of the modified Jacobi sequence is at least pq − p − q − 1 with period N = pq. This indicates that the 2-adic complexity of the modified Jacobi sequence is large enough to resist the attack of the rational approximation algorithm (RAA) for feedback with carry shift registers (FCSRs).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai, E., Liu, X., Xiao, G.: Linear complexity of new generalized cyclotomic sequences of order two of length pq. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 51, 1849–1853 (2005)
Cai, H., Liang, H., Tang, X.: Constructions of optimal 2-D optical orthogonal codes via generalized cyclotomic classes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 61, 688–695 (2015)
Chen, Z., Du, X., Xiao, G.: Sequences related to Legendre/Jacobi sequences. Inf. Sci. 177(21), 4820–4831 (2007)
Cusick, T.W., Ding, C, Renvall, A.: Stream ciphers and number theory. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2015)
Davis, P.J.: Circulant matrices. Chelsea, New York (1994)
Ding, C., Xing, C.: Several classes of (2m − 1,w, 2) optical orthogonal codes. Discret. Appl. Math. 128, 103–120 (2003)
Ding, C., Xing, C.: Cyclotomic optical orthogonal codes of composite lengths. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 52, 263–268 (2004)
Ding, C.: Cyclotomic constructions of cyclic codes with length being the product of two primes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 58, 2231–2236 (2012)
Ding, C.: Cyclic codes from the two-prime sequences. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 58, 3881–3891 (2012)
Ding, C., Helleseth, T.: On the linear complexity of Legendre sequences. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 44, 1693–1698 (1998)
Fan, C., Ge, G.: A unified approach to Whiteman’s and Ding-Helleseth’s generalized cyclotomy over residue class rings. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 60, 1326–1336 (2014)
Green, D.H., Green, P.R.: Modified Jacobi sequences. IEEE Proceedings-Computers and Digital Techniques 147(4), 241–251 (2000)
Green, D.H., Choi, J.: Linear complexity of modified Jacobi sequences. IEE Proceedings-Computers and Digital Techniques 149(3), 97–101 (2002)
Hu, L., Yue, Q.: Gauss periods and codebooks from generalized cyclotomic sets of order four. Des. Codes Crypt. 69, 233–246 (2013)
Li, X., Ma, W., Yan, T., Zhao, X.: Linear complexity of a new generalized cyclotomic sequence of order two of length pq. IEICE Trans. 96-A, 1001–1005 (2013)
Massey, J.L.: Shift-register synthesis and BCH decoding. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 15, 122–127 (1969)
Klapper, A., Goresky, M.: Feedback shift registers, 2-adic span, and combiners with memory. J. Cryptol. 10, 111–147 (1997)
Tang, X., Ding, C.: New classes of balanced quaternary and almost balanced binary sequences with optimal autocorrelation Value. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 56, 6398–6405 (2010)
Tang, X., Fan, P., Matsufuji, S.: Lower bounds on the maximum correlation of sequences with low or zero correlation zone. Electron. Lett. 36, 551–552 (2000)
Tian, T., Qi, W.: 2-Adic complexity of binary m-sequences. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 56, 450–454 (2010)
Whiteman, A.L.: A family of difference sets. Ill. J. Math. 6, 107–121 (1962)
Xiong, H., Qu, L., Li, C.: A new method to compute the 2-adic complexity of binary sequences. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 60, 2399–2406 (2014)
Xiong, H., Qu, L., Li, C.: 2-Adic complexity of binary sequences with interleaved structure. Finite Fields Appl. 33, 14–28 (2015)
Yan, T.: Study on constructions and properties of pseudo-random sequence. Ph. D Thesis (2007)
Xiong, T., Hall, J.I.: Modifications of modified Jacobi sequences. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 57, 493–504 (2011)
Yan, T., Du, X., Xiao, G., Huang, X.: Linear complexity of binary Whiteman generalized cyclotomic sequences of order 2k. Inf. Sci. 179, 1019–1023 (2009)
Zeng, X., Cai, H., Tang, X., Yang, Y.: Optimal frequency sequences of odd length. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 59, 3237–3248 (2013)
Xiao, Z., Zeng, X., Sun, Z.: 2-Adic complexity of two classes of generalized cyclotomic binary sequences. Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci. 27, 879–893 (2016)
Zhou, Z., Tang, X., Gong, G.: A new classes of sequences with zero or low correlation zone based on interleaving technique. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 54, 4267–4273 (2008)
Acknowledgements
Parts of this work were done during a very pleasant visit of the first author to the School of Mathematics and Statistics at Carleton University. She wishes to thank the hosts for their hospitality. We also thank anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The work is supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ZR2017MA001, No. ZR2016FL01, No. ZR2014FQ005), the Open Research Fund from Shandong provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network, Grant No. SDKLCN-2017-03, NSERC of Canada (No. RGPIN-2017-06410), Qingdao application research on special independent innovation plan project (No. 16-5-1-5-jch), Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics of Fujian Province University (Putian University) (No.SX201702), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 17CX02030A).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, Y., Wang, Q. & Yan, T. A lower bound on the 2-adic complexity of the modified Jacobi sequence. Cryptogr. Commun. 11, 337–349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12095-018-0300-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12095-018-0300-y