Abstract
The number of breast cancer survivors increases every year, thanks to the development of new treatments and screening techniques. However, patients present with numerous side effects that may affect their quality of life. Exercise has been demonstrated to reduce some of these side effects, but in spite of this, few breast cancer patients know and follow the exercise recommendations needed to remain healthy. In this review, we describe the different breast cancer treatments and the related side effects and implications of exercise in relation to these. We propose that exercise could be an integrative complementary intervention to improve physiological, physical and psychological factors that affect survival and quality of life of these patients. For that reason, the main objective of this review is to provide a general overview of exercise benefits in breast cancer patients and recommendations of how to design exercise interventions in patients with different side effects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C et al. GLOBOCAN. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. http://globocan.iarc.fr/. Accessed 11 Jan 2013.
Coleman MP, Quaresma M, Berrino F, Lutz JM, De Angelis R, Capocaccia R, et al. Cancer survival in five continents: a worldwide population-based study (CONCORD). Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(8):730–56. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70179-7.
SEOM. Monográfico de SEOM: Largos supervivientes en Cancer. In: SEOM, editor. Madrid: Sociedad Española Oncología Médica; 2012.
Parry C, Kent EE, Mariotto AB, Alfano CM, Rowland JH. Cancer survivors: a booming population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20(10):1996–2005. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0729.
Hayes SC, Johansson K, Stout NL, Prosnitz R, Armer JM, Gabram S, et al. Upper-body morbidity after breast cancer: incidence and evidence for evaluation, prevention, and management within a prospective surveillance model of care. Cancer. 2012;118(8 Suppl.):2237–49. doi:10.1002/cncr.27467.
Mayer EL. Early and late long-term effects of adjuvant chemotherapy. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book/ASCO American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting. vol. 2013; 2013. p. 9–14. doi:10.1200/EdBook_AM.2013.33.9.
Kumar M, Nagpal R, Hemalatha R, Verma V, Kumar A, Singh S, et al. Targeted cancer therapies: the future of cancer treatment. Acta BiomedAtenei Parmensis. 2012;83(3):220–33.
Society AC. Cancer. http://www.cancer.org/. 2013.
Andrykowski MA, Curran SL, Lightner R. Off-treatment fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a controlled comparison. J Behav Med. 1998;21(1):1–18.
Galanti G, Stefani L, Gensini G. Exercise as a prescription therapy for breast and colon cancer survivors. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:245–51. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S42720.
Johnsson A, Johnsson A, Johansson K. Physical activity during and after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Physiotherapy. 2013;99(3):221–7. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2012.05.012.
Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW. Effects and potential mechanisms of exercise training on cancer progression: A translational perspective. Brain Behav Immun. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.001.
Jones LW, Peppercom J, Scott JM, Battaglini C. Exercise therapy in the management of solid tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2010;11(1–2):45–58. doi:10.1007/s11864-010-0121-5.
Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Field CJ, Fairey AS. Randomized controlled trial of exercise training in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: cardiopulmonary and quality of life outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(9):1660–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.04.093.
Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Mackey JR. Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(4):1534–40. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00566.2004.
Jones LW, Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Muss HB, Pituskin EN, Scott JM, et al. Cardiopulmonary function and age-related decline across the breast cancer survivorship continuum. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(20):2530–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.9014.
Milne HM, Wallman KE, Gordon S, Courneya KS. Effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;108(2):279–88. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9602-z.
Rogers LQ, Hopkins-Price P, Vicari S, Markwell S, Pamenter R, Courneya KS, et al. Physical activity and health outcomes three months after completing a physical activity behavior change intervention: persistent and delayed effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(5):1410–8. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1045.
Bower JE, Garet D, Sternlieb B, Ganz PA, Irwin MR, Olmstead R, et al. Yoga for persistent fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 2012;118(15):3766–75. doi:10.1002/cncr.26702.
Irwin ML, Alvarez-Reeves M, Cadmus L, Mierzejewski E, Mayne ST, Yu H, et al. Exercise improves body fat, lean mass, and bone mass in breast cancer survivors. Obesity. 2009;17(8):1534–41. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.18.
Irwin ML, Cadmus L, Alvarez-Reeves M, O’Neil M, Mierzejewski E, Latka R, et al. Recruiting and retaining breast cancer survivors into a randomized controlled exercise trial: the Yale Exercise and Survivorship Study. Cancer. 2008;112(11 Suppl.):2593–606. doi:10.1002/cncr.23446.
Irwin ML, McTiernan A, Manson JE, Thomson CA, Sternfeld B, Stefanick ML, et al. Physical activity and survival in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: results from the women’s health initiative. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(4):522–9. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0295.
Irwin ML, Varma K, Alvarez-Reeves M, Cadmus L, Wiley A, Chung GG, et al. Randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise on insulin and insulin-like growth factors in breast cancer survivors: the Yale Exercise and Survivorship study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(1):306–13. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0531.
Latka RN, Alvarez-Reeves M, Cadmus L, Irwin ML. Adherence to a randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise in breast cancer survivors: the Yale exercise and survivorship study. J Cancer Surviv Res Pract. 2009;3(3):148–57. doi:10.1007/s11764-009-0088-z.
McTiernan A, Tworoger SS, Ulrich CM, Yasui Y, Irwin ML, Rajan KB, et al. Effect of exercise on serum estrogens in postmenopausal women: a 12-month randomized clinical trial. Cancer Res. 2004;64(8):2923–8.
Irwin ML. Physical activity interventions for cancer survivors. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):32–8. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.053843.
Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Galvao DA, Pinto BM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(7):1409–26. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112.
Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2011;28(3):753–65. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9536-x.
Blanchard CM, Courneya KS, Stein K. Cancer survivors’ adherence to lifestyle behavior recommendations and associations with health-related quality of life: results from the American Cancer Society’s SCS-II. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(13):2198–204. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.6217.
Institute NC. http://ncim.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/pages/concept_details.jsf.
Rietman JS, Dijkstra PU, Hoekstra HJ, Eisma WH, Szabo BG, Groothoff JW, et al. Late morbidity after treatment of breast cancer in relation to daily activities and quality of life: a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(3):229–38.
DiSipio T, Rye S, Newman B, Hayes S. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(6):500–15. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7.
Sestak I, Cuzick J, Sapunar F, Eastell R, Forbes JF, Bianco AR, et al. Risk factors for joint symptoms in patients enrolled in the ATAC trial: a retrospective, exploratory analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(9):866–72. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70182-7.
Irwin ML, Cartmel, Gross BH, Ercolano E, Fiellin M, Capozza S et al. Randomized trial of exercise vs. usual care on aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgias in women with breast cancer: the hormones and physical exercise. In: San Antonio breast cancer symposium. Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; 2013.
Pusic AL, Cemal Y, Albornoz C, Klassen A, Cano S, Sulimanoff I, et al. Quality of life among breast cancer patients with lymphedema: a systematic review of patient-reported outcome instruments and outcomes. J Cancer Surviv Res Pract. 2013;7(1):83–92. doi:10.1007/s11764-012-0247-5.
Hershman DL, Kushi LH, Shao T, Buono D, Kershenbaum A, Tsai WY, et al. Early discontinuation and nonadherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in a cohort of 8,769 early-stage breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(27):4120–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9655.
Kilbreath SL, Refshauge KM, Beith JM, Ward LC, Lee M, Simpson JM, et al. Upper limb progressive resistance training and stretching exercises following surgery for early breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(2):667–76. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-1964-1.
Stegink-Jansen CW, Buford WL Jr, Patterson RM, Gould LJ. Computer simulation of pectoralis major muscle strain to guide exercise protocols for patients after breast cancer surgery. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(6):417–26. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3358.
Lee SA, Kang JY, Kim YD, An AR, Kim SW, Kim YS, et al. Effects of a scapula-oriented shoulder exercise programme on upper limb dysfunction in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(7):600–13. doi:10.1177/0269215510362324.
Denysschen CA, Burton H, Ademuyiwa F, Levine E, Tetewsky S, O’Connor T. Exercise intervention in breast cancer patients with aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia: a pilot study. Eur J Cancer Care. 2013. doi:10.1111/ecc.12155.
Hinrichs CS, Watroba NL, Rezaishiraz H, Giese W, Hurd T, Fassl KA, et al. Lymphedema secondary to postmastectomy radiation: incidence and risk factors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(6):573–80. doi:10.1245/ASO.2004.04.017.
Querci della Rovere G, Ahmad I, Singh P, Ashley S, Daniels IR, Mortimer P. An audit of the incidence of arm lymphoedema after prophylactic level I/II axillary dissection without division of the pectoralis minor muscle. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2003;85(3):158–61. doi:10.1308/003588403321661299.
Kim do S, Sim YJ, Jeong HJ, Kim GC. Effect of active resistive exercise on breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(12):1844–8. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.008.
Sagen A, Karesen R, Risberg MA. Physical activity for the affected limb and arm lymphedema after breast cancer surgery. A prospective, randomized controlled trial with two years follow-up. Acta Oncol. 2009;48(8):1102–10. doi:10.3109/02841860903061683.
Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel A, Cheville A, Smith R, Lewis-Grant L, et al. Weight lifting in women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(7):664–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810118.
Torres Lacomba M, Yuste Sanchez MJ, Zapico Goni A, Prieto Merino D, Mayoral del Moral O, Cerezo Tellez E, et al. Effectiveness of early physiotherapy to prevent lymphoedema after surgery for breast cancer: randomised, single blinded, clinical trial. BMJ. 2010;340:b5396. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5396.
Todd J, Scally A, Dodwell D, Horgaan K, Topping A. A randomised controlled trial of two programmes of shoulder exercise following axillary lymph node dissection for incasice breast cancer. Physiotherapy. 2008;94:8.
Stanton AW, Modi S, Bennett Britton TM, Purushotham AD, Peters AM, Levick JR, et al. Lymphatic drainage in the muscle and subcutis of the arm after breast cancer treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;117(3):549–57. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0259-z.
Modi S, Stanton AW, Mellor RH, Peters AM, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Regional distribution of epifascial swelling and epifascial lymph drainage rate constants in breast cancer-related lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2005;3(1):3–15. doi:10.1089/lrb.2005.3.3.
Jones LW, Douglas PS, Eves ND, Marcom PK, Kraus WE, Herndon JE II, et al. Rationale and design of the exercise intensity trial (EXCITE): a randomized trial comparing the effects of moderate versus moderate to high-intensity aerobic training in women with operable breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:531. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-531.
Haykowsky MJ, Mackey JR, Thompson RB, Jones LW, Paterson DI. Adjuvant trastuzumab induces ventricular remodeling despite aerobic exercise training. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(15):4963–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0628.
Tredan O, Bajard A, Meunier A, Roux P, Fiorletta I, Gargi T, et al. Body weight change in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a French prospective study. Clin Nutr. 2010;29(2):187–91. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.08.003.
Jones LW, Hornsby WE, Goetzinger A, Forbes LM, Sherrard EL, Quist M, et al. Prognostic significance of functional capacity and exercise behavior in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2012;76(2):248–52. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.009.
Jones LW, Watson D, Herndon JE II, Eves ND, Haithcock BE, Loewen G, et al. Peak oxygen consumption and long-term all-cause mortality in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(20):4825–32. doi:10.1002/cncr.25396.
Ying M, He Y, Qi M, Dong B, Lu A, Li J, et al. Value of pre-treatment biomarkers in prediction of response to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. Chin J Cancer Res. 2013;25(4):397–404. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.08.01.
Jones LW, Haykowsky M, Peddle CJ, Joy AA, Pituskin EN, Tkachuk LM, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with HER2/neu-positive breast cancer treated with anthracycline–taxane-containing adjuvant chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16(5):1026–31. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0870.
Jones LW, Haykowsky M, Pituskin EN, Jendzjowsky NG, Tomczak CR, Haennel RG, et al. Cardiovascular reserve and risk profile of postmenopausal women after chemoendocrine therapy for hormone receptor—positive operable breast cancer. Oncologist. 2007;12(10):1156–64. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-10-1156.
Herrero F, Balmer J, San Juan AF, Foster C, Fleck SJ, Perez M, et al. Is cardiorespiratory fitness related to quality of life in survivors of breast cancer? J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(3):535–40.
Cheema BS, Gaul CA. Full-body exercise training improves fitness and quality of life in survivors of breast cancer. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(1):14–21. doi:10.1519/R-17335.1.
Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell Metab. 2013;17(2):162–84. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012.
Lauritzen HP, Galbo H, Toyoda T, Goodyear LJ. Kinetics of contraction-induced GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle fibers from living mice. Diabetes. 2010;59(9):2134–44. doi:10.2337/db10-0233.
Friedrichsen M, Mortensen B, Pehmoller C, Birk JB, Wojtaszewski JF. Exercise-induced AMPK activity in skeletal muscle: role in glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;366(2):204–14. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.013.
Roychoudhuri R, Robinson D, Putcha V, Cuzick J, Darby S, Moller H. Increased cardiovascular mortality more than fifteen years after radiotherapy for breast cancer: a population-based study. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:9. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-9.
Jones LW, Liang Y, Pituskin EN, Battaglini CL, Scott JM, Hornsby WE, et al. Effect of exercise training on peak oxygen consumption in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncologist. 2011;16(1):112–20. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0197.
Roca-Alonso L, Pellegrino L, Castellano L, Stebbing J. Breast cancer treatment and adverse cardiac events: what are the molecular mechanisms? Cardiology. 2012;122(4):253–9. doi:10.1159/000339858.
Ky B, Vejpongsa P, Yeh ET, Force T, Moslehi JJ. Emerging paradigms in cardiomyopathies associated with cancer therapies. Circ Res. 2013;113(6):754–64. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300218.
Harbeck N, Ewer MS, De Laurentiis M, Suter TM, Ewer SM. Cardiovascular complications of conventional and targeted adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(6):1250–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq543.
Scott JM, Lakoski S, Mackey JR, Douglas PS, Haykowsky MJ, Jones LW. The potential role of aerobic exercise to modulate cardiotoxicity of molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics. Oncologist. 2013;18(2):221–31. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0226.
Irwin ML, McTiernan A, Baumgartner RN, Baumgartner KB, Bernstein L, Gilliland FD, et al. Changes in body fat and weight after a breast cancer diagnosis: influence of demographic, prognostic, and lifestyle factors. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(4):774–82. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.036.
Kutynec CL, McCargar L, Barr SI, Hislop TG. Energy balance in women with breast cancer during adjuvant treatment. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(10):1222–7.
Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, McCready D, Koo J, Sidlofsky S, et al. Adjuvant treatment and onset of menopause predict weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(1):120–9.
Ingram C, Brown JK. Patterns of weight and body composition change in premenopausal women with early stage breast cancer: has weight gain been overestimated? Cancer Nurs. 2004;27(6):483–90.
Chlebowski RT, Aiello E, McTiernan A. Weight loss in breast cancer patient management. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(4):1128–43.
Kumar NB, Riccardi D, Cantor A, Dalton K, Allen K. A case–control study evaluating the association of purposeful physical activity, body fat distribution, and steroid hormones on premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast J. 2005;11(4):266–72. doi:10.1111/j.1075-122x.2005.21693.x.
Friedenreich CM, Woolcott CG, McTiernan A, Ballard-Barbash R, Brant RF, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Alberta physical activity and breast cancer prevention trial: sex hormone changes in a year-long exercise intervention among postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(9):1458–66. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.24.9557.
Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Martin BS, et al. Effect of exercise training on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):381–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.001.
Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Hannan PJ, Yee D. Safety and efficacy of weight training in recent breast cancer survivors to alter body composition, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor axis proteins. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14(7):1672–80. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0736.
Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Revi Endocrinol. 2012;8(8):457–65. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49.
Reuss-Borst M, Hartmann U, Scheede C, Weiss J. Prevalence of osteoporosis among cancer patients in Germany: prospective data from an oncological rehabilitation clinic. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(4):1437–44. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1724-9.
Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ III. A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(5):763–73. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.5.763.
Winer EP, Hudis C, Burstein HJ, Wolff AC, Pritchard KI, Ingle JN, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: status report 2004. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):619–29. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.09.121.
Lester J, Coleman R. Bone loss and the aromatase inhibitors. Br J Cancer. 2005;93(Suppl. 1):S16–22. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602691.
Turan Y, Kocaaga Z, Karakoyun-Celik O, Gurgan A, Duransoy A. Osteoporosis in women with breast cancer and its effect on quality of life: a pilot study. J BUON. 2009;14(2):239–43.
Winters-Stone KM, Dobek J, Nail LM, Bennett JA, Leo MC, Torgrimson-Ojerio B et al. Impact + resistance training improves bone health and body composition in prematurely menopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2012. doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2143-2.
Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(12):898–908. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052704.
Christie LA, Acharya MM, Parihar VK, Nguyen A, Martirosian V, Limoli CL. Impaired cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis following cancer chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(7):1954–65. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2000.
Connolly RM, Stearns V. Postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2013;27(6):571–2, 4, 6 passim.
Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):295–301.
Neeper SA, Gomez-Pinilla F, Choi J, Cotman C. Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature. 1995;373(6510):109. doi:10.1038/373109a0.
Barde YA. Neurotrophins: a family of proteins supporting the survival of neurons. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1994;390:45–56.
Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Bengzon J, Elmer E, Kokaia M. Neurotrophins and brain insults. Trends Neurosci. 1994;17(11):490–6.
Schinder AF, Poo M. The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2000;23(12):639–45.
Lu B, Chow A. Neurotrophins and hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity. J Neurosci Res. 1999;58(1):76–87.
McAllister AK, Katz LC, Lo DC. Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1999;22:295–318. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.295.
Altar CA, DiStefano PS. Neurotrophin trafficking by anterograde transport. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21(10):433–7.
Kilgour RD, Vigano A, Trutschnigg B, Hornby L, Lucar E, Bacon SL, et al. Cancer-related fatigue: the impact of skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients with advanced cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1(2):177–85. doi:10.1007/s13539-010-0016-0.
Berger AM, Gerber LH, Mayer DK. Cancer-related fatigue: implications for breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2012;118(8 Suppl.):2261–9. doi:10.1002/cncr.27475.
Gerber LH, Stout N, McGarvey C, Soballe P, Shieh CY, Diao G, et al. Factors predicting clinically significant fatigue in women following treatment for primary breast cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2010. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0986-7.
Jones LW, Alfano CM. Exercise-oncology research: past, present, and future. Acta Oncol. 2013;52(2):195–215. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2012.742564.
Mock V, Pickett M, Ropka ME, Muscari Lin E, Stewart KJ, Rhodes VA, et al. Fatigue and quality of life outcomes of exercise during cancer treatment. Cancer Pract. 2001;9(3):119–27.
Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O, Gotay CC, et al. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD007566. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007566.pub2.
Vrbic S, Pejcic I, Filipovic S, Kocic B, Vrbic M. Current and future anti-HER2 therapy in breast cancer. J BUON. 2013;18(1):4–16.
Humpel N. Depression and quality of life in cancer survivors: is there a relationship with physical activity? BioMed Center. 2007. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-4-65.
Hodgson KD, Hutchinson AD, Wilson CJ, Nettelbeck T. A meta-analysis of the effects of chemotherapy on cognition in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013;39(3):297–304. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.11.001.
Forsythe LP, Alfano CM, George SM, McTiernan A, Baumgartner KB, Bernstein L, et al. Pain in long-term breast cancer survivors: the role of body mass index, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(2):617–30. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2335-7.
Gonzalez-Neira A. Pharmacogenetics of chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer. Pharmacogenomics. 2012;13(6):677–90. doi:10.2217/pgs.12.44.
Ganz PA, Desmond KA, Leedham B, Rowland JH, Meyerowitz BE, Belin TR. Quality of life in long-term, disease-free survivors of breast cancer: a follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(1):39–49.
Holzner B, Kemmler G, Kopp M, Moschen R, Schweigkofler H, Dunser M, et al. Quality of life in breast cancer patients—not enough attention for long-term survivors? Psychosomatics. 2001;42(2):117–23.
Schmidt M, Koelbl H. Adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer. Minerva Ginecol. 2012;64(1):53–65.
Ziller V, Kyvernitakis I, Knoll D, Storch A, Hars O, Hadji P. Influence of a patient information program on adherence and persistence with an aromatase inhibitor in breast cancer treatment—the COMPAS study. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:407. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-407.
Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS, Ryan SM, Pescatello SM, Moker E, et al. The efficacy of exercise in reducing depressive symptoms among cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30955. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030955.
Duijts SF, Faber MM, Oldenburg HS, van Beurden M, Aaronson NK. Effectiveness of behavioral techniques and physical exercise on psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors—a meta-analysis. Psycho-oncology. 2011;20(2):115–26. doi:10.1002/pon.1728.
McNeely ML, Campbell KL, Rowe BH, Klassen TP, Mackey JR, Courneya KS. Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and surviviors: a systematic reviey and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2006;5:34–41.
Campbell KL, Pusic AL, Zucker DS, McNeely ML, Binkley JM, Cheville AL, et al. A prospective model of care for breast cancer rehabilitation: function. Cancer. 2012;118(8 Suppl.):2300–11. doi:10.1002/cncr.27464.
Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Mackey JR. Effects of exercise training on fasting insulin, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2003;12(8):721–7.
Han Y, Mao F, Wu Y, Fu X, Zhu X, Zhou S, et al. Prognostic role of C-reactive protein in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers. 2011;26(4):209–15. doi:10.5301/JBM.2011.8872.
Heikkila K, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA. A systematic review of the association between circulating concentrations of C reactive protein and cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(9):824–33. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.051292.
Friedenreich CM, Neilson HK, Woolcott CG, Wang Q, Stanczyk FZ, McTiernan A, et al. Inflammatory marker changes in a yearlong randomized exercise intervention trial among postmenopausal women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(1):98–108. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0369.
Coleman RE, Body JJ, Gralow JR, Lipton A. Bone loss in patients with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors and associated treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2008;34(Suppl. 1):S31–42. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.03.005.
Palombaro KM, Black JD, Buchbinder R, Jette DU. Effectiveness of exercise for managing osteoporosis in women postmenopause. Phys Ther. 2013;93(8):1021–5. doi:10.2522/ptj.20110476.
Jones LW, Courneya KS. Exercise counseling and programming preferences of cancer survivors. Cancer Pract. 2002;10(4):208–15.
Short CE, James EL, Stacey F, Plotnikoff RC. A qualitative synthesis of trials promoting physical activity behaviour change among post-treatment breast cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv Res Pract. 2013. doi:10.1007/s11764-013-0296-4.
Jones LW, Courneya KS. Exercuse counseling and programming preferences of cancer survivors. Cancer Pract. 2002;10(4):7.
Hansen D, Stevens A, Eijnde BO, Dendale P. Endurance exercise intensity determination in the rehabilitation of coronary artery disease patients: a critical re-appraisal of current evidence. Sports Med. 2012;42(1):11–30. doi:10.2165/11595460-000000000-00000.
Balady GJ, Berra KA, Golding LA, Gordon NF, Mahler DA, Myers JN, et al. ACSM’s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Kim CJ, Kang DH, Smith BA, Landers KA. Cardiopulmonary responses and adherence to exercise in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant therapy. Cancer Nurs. 2006;29(2):156–65.
Demark-Wahnefried W, Case LD, Blackwell K, Marcom PK, Kraus W, Aziz N, et al. Results of a diet/exercise feasibility trial to prevent adverse body composition change in breast cancer patients on adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Breast Cancer. 2008;8(1):70–9. doi:10.3816/CBC.2008.n.005.
Humpel N, Iverson DC. Depression and quality of life in cancer survivors: is there a relationship with physical activity? Int J Behav Nut Phys Act. 2007;4:65. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-4-65.
McNeely ML, Campbell KL, Rowe BH, Klassen TP, Mackey JR, Courneya KS. Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;175(1):34–41. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051073.
Arena R, Myers J, Forman DE, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M. Should high-intensity-aerobic interval training become the clinical standard in heart failure? Heart Fail Rev. 2012. doi:10.1007/s10741-012-9333-z.
Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 5):1077–84. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725.
Kessler HS, Sisson SB, Short KR. The potential for high-intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk. Sports Med. 2012;42(6):489–509. doi:10.2165/11630910-000000000-00000.
Wisloff U, Ellingsen O, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009;37(3):139–46. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc.
Jones LW, Eves ND, Peddle CJ, Courneya KS, Haykowsky M, Kumar V, et al. Effects of presurgical exercise training on systemic inflammatory markers among patients with malignant lung lesions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34(2):197–202. doi:10.1139/H08-104.
Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Yee D. Effects of a 9-month strength training intervention on insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 in 30-50-year-old women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2002;11(12):1597–604.
Pfeiler G, Konigsberg R, Hadji P, Fitzal F, Maroske M, Dressel-Ban G, et al. Impact of body mass index on estradiol depletion by aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.499.
Cormie P, Pumpa K, Galvao DA, Turner E, Spry N, Saunders C, et al. Is it safe and efficacious for women with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer to lift heavy weights during exercise: a randomised controlled trial. J Cancer Surviv Res Pract. 2013;7(3):413–24. doi:10.1007/s11764-013-0284-8.
Mora T, Gil J, Sicras-Mainar A. The influence of obesity and overweight on medical costs: a panel data perspective. Eur J Health Econ. 2014. doi:10.1007/s10198-014-0562-z.
Dilla T, Nicolay C, Alvarez M, Reviriego J, Goday A, Castell C. Direct healthcare costs and clinical outcomes after insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain: 24-month follow-up data from the INSTIGATE study. Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion. 2013;60(5):224–34. doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2012.11.010.
Carmona M, Garcia-Olmos LM, Garcia-Sagredo P, Alberquilla A, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Pascual M, et al. Heart failure in primary care: co-morbidity and utilization of health care resources. Fam Pract. 2013;30(5):520–4. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmt024.
Pueyo MJ, Larrosa M, Suris X, Garcia-Ruiz AJ. Cost-utility and budget impact analysis of primary prevention with alendronate of osteoporotic hip fractures in Catalonia. Reumatol Clin. 2012;8(3):128–34. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2012.01.001.
Organization WH. Recomendaciones Mundiales Sobre Actividad Física para la Salud. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
Society AC. American Government. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-treating-chemotherapy.
Pinkerton JV, Thomas S. Use of SERMs for treatment in postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.011.
Janelsins MC, Davis PG, Wideman L, Katula JA, Sprod LK, Peppone LJ, et al. Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on insulin and cytokine levels in a randomized controlled pilot study on breast cancer survivors. Clin Breast Cancer. 2011;11(3):161–70. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2011.03.013.
Jones SB, Thomas GA, Hesselsweet SD, Alvarez-Reeves M, Yu H, Irwin ML. Effect of exercise on markers of inflammation in breast cancer survivors: the Yale exercise and survivorship study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013;6(2):109–18. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0278.
Ligibel JA, Campbell N, Partridge A, Chen WY, Salinardi T, Chen H, et al. Impact of a mixed strength and endurance exercise intervention on insulin levels in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(6):907–12. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.7357.
Payne JK, Held J, Thorpe J, Shaw H. Effect of exercise on biomarkers, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms in older women with breast cancer receiving hormonal therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008;35(4):635–42. doi:10.1188/08.ONF.635-642.
Conflict of interest
This manuscript is not submitted for publication elsewhere. In addition, the authors declare no conflict of interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Casla, S., Hojman, P., Márquez-Rodas, I. et al. Running away from side effects: physical exercise as a complementary intervention for breast cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol 17, 180–196 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-014-1184-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-014-1184-8