Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Energy efficiency maximization for beyond 5G NOMA-enabled heterogeneous networks

  • Published:
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is expected to play a critical role in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) for beyond fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. The unrivaled benefits of NOMA along with the multi-tier architecture of HetNets has the potential to significantly improve the performance of cellular networks. Motivated by such possibilities, this article provides a new resource optimization scheme for efficient cellular device association and optimal power control in NOMA-enabled HetNets. Our objective is to maximize the energy efficiency of the proposed HetNets while guaranteeing the signal decoding and minimum rate of each cellular device. The problem of cellular device association and power control is jointly formulated as a non-convex optimization. Since the problem of energy efficiency is coupled with both devise association and power control, it contains high complexity and, hence, it is very difficult to obtain the joint solution. To obtain an efficient solution and reduce the complexity, we decouple the original problem into two subproblems for efficient device association and optimal power control. For any given power allocation of base stations (BSs), we first adopt dual theory for cellular device association, and then a new sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is employed to calculate the optimal power control. Later, we also present the benchmark suboptimal power control method which is based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Monte Carlo simulation results unveil that the proposed NOMA resource optimization scheme in HetNets can significantly improve the system performance compared to the benchmark NOMA and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In this paper, we consider a single-carrier for communication in all cells. The multi-carrier communication can certainly further enhance the system performance, but we leave it for the future work to focus on efficient user association and optimal power control.

  2. Due to novelty and complexity of the considered network setup, it is not straightforward to provide a direct comparison to the other studies in the literature. Thus, we resort to comparing the proposed scheme with the KKT-based scheme.

References

  1. Al-Eryani Y, Hossain E (2019) The d-OMA method for massive multiple access in 6G: performance, security, and challenges. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 14(3):92–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ali A, Baig A, Awan G M, Khan W U, Ali Z, Sidhu G A S (2019) Efficient resource management for sum capacity maximization in 5G NOMA systems. Appl Syst Innov 2(3):27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ali Z, Farooq W, Khan U L, Qureshi M, Sidhu G A S (2021) Artificial intelligence techniques for rate maximization in interference channels. Phys Commun 47:101294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ali Z, Sidhu G A S, Waqas M, Gao F (2018) On fair power optimization in nonorthogonal multiple access multiuser networks. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 29(12):e3540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jameel F, Khan W U, Chang Z, Ristaniemi T, Liu J (2019) Secrecy analysis and learning-based optimization of cooperative NOMA SWIPT systems. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, pp 1–6

  6. Attar A, Nakhai M R, Aghvami A H (2009) Cognitive radio game for secondary spectrum access problem. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 8(4):2121–2131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Baidas MW, Al-Mubarak M, Alsusa E, Awad MK (2019) Joint subcarrier assignment and global energy-efficient power allocation for energy-harvesting two-tier downlink NOMA HetNets. IEEE Access 7:163556–163577

  8. Bakht K, Jameel F, Ali Z, Khan W U, Khan I, Sidhu S, Ahmad G, Lee J W (2019) Power allocation and user assignment scheme for beyond 5G heterogeneous networks. Wirel Commun Mob Comput

  9. Boggs P T, Tolle J W (2000) Sequential quadratic programming for large-scale nonlinear optimization. J Comput Appl Math 124(1–2):123–137

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Boyd S, Vandenberghe L (2004) Convex optimization. Cambridge University Press

  11. Celik A, Tsai M C, Radaydeh R M, Al-Qahtani F S, Alouini M S (2019) Distributed cluster formation and power-bandwidth allocation for imperfect NOMA in DL-hetnets. IEEE Trans Commun 67(2):1677–1692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dai L, Wang B, Ding Z, Wang Z, Chen S, Hanzo L (2018) A survey of non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 20(3):2294–2323. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2835558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ding Z, Dai H, Poor H V (2016) Relay selection for cooperative NOMA. IEEE Wirel Commun Lett 5(4):416–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fang F, Cheng J, Ding Z (2018) Joint energy efficient subchannel and power optimization for a downlink NOMA heterogeneous network. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68(2):1351–1364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Forouzesh M, Azmi P, Mokari N, Wong K, Pishro-Nik H (2019) Robust physical layer security for power domain non-orthogonal multiple access-based HetNets and HUDNs: SIC avoidance at eavesdroppers. IEEE Access 7:107879–107896. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932805

  16. Jabeen T, Ali Z, Khan W U, Jameel F, Khan I, Sidhu G A S, Choi B J (2019) Joint power allocation and link selection for multi-carrier buffer aided relay network. Electronics 8(6):686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jameel F, Chang Z, Huang J, Ristaniemi T (2019a) Internet of autonomous vehicles: architecture, features, and socio-technological challenges. IEEE Wirel Commun 26(4):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2019.1800522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jameel F, Wyne S, Kaddoum G, Duong T Q (2019b) A comprehensive survey on cooperative relaying and jamming strategies for physical layer security. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 21(3):2734–2771. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2865607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Khan W U (2019) Maximizing physical layer security in relay-assisted multicarrier nonorthogonal multiple access transmission. Internet Technol Lett 2(2):e76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Khan W U, Ali Z, Waqas M, Sidhu G A S (2019a) Efficient power allocation with individual QoS guarantees in future small-cell networks. AEU-Int J Electron Commun 105:36–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Khan WU, Jameel F, Ristaniemi T, Elhalawany BM, Liu J (2019b) Efficient power allocation for multi-cell uplink NOMA network. In: 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring), IEEE, pp 1–5

  22. Khan W U, Jameel F, Ristaniemi T, Khan S, Sidhu G A S, Liu J (2019c) Joint spectral and energy efficiency optimization for downlink NOMA networks. IEEE Trans Cogn Commun Netw 6(2):645–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Khan W U, Yu 565 Z, Yu S, Sidhu G A S, Liu J (2019d) Efficient power allocation in downlink multi-cell multi-user NOMA networks. IET Commun 567 13(4):396–402

  24. Khan W U, Liu J, Jameel F, Sharma V, Jantti R, Han Z (2020) Spectral efficiency optimization for next generation NOMA-enabled IoT networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(12):15284–15297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Khan W U, Jameel F, Kumar N, Riku J, Mohsen G (2021) Backscatter-enabled efficient V2X communication with non-orthogonal multiple access. IEEE Trans Veh Technol:1–1

  26. Khan W U, Li X, Zeng M, Dobre O A (2021) Backscatter-enabled NOMA for future 6G systems: a new optimization framework under imperfect SIC. IEEE Commun Lett:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3052936

  27. Li X, Wang Q, Liu M, Li J, Peng H, Piran J, Li L (2020a) Cooperative wireless-powered NOMA relaying for B5G IoT networks with hardware impairments and channel estimation errors. IEEE Internet J:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3029754

  28. Li X, Zhao M, Liu Y, Li L, Ding Z, Nallanathan A (2020b) Secrecy analysis of ambient backscatter NOMA systems under I/Q imbalance. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(10):12286–12290. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.3006478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Li X, Zhao M, Zeng M, Mumtaz S, Menon V G, Ding Z, Dobre O A (2021) Hardware impaired ambient backscatter NOMA systems: Reliability and security. IEEE Trans Commun:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3050503

  30. Liu Y, Qin Z, Elkashlanm NA, McCann JA (2017) Non-orthogonal multiple access in large-scale heterogeneous networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 35(12):2667–2680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu Y, Chen Y, Yang M, Liu Z (2019) Ratio fairness-based power allocation and user scheduling for downlink NOMA heterogeneous networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM Turing Celebration Conference-China. ACM, pp 155

  32. Moltafet M, Azmi P, Mokari N, Javan M R, Mokdad A (2018) Optimal and fair energy efficient resource allocation for energy harvesting-enabled-PD-NOMA-based HetNets. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 17 (3):2054–2067. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2017.2788406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Nasser A, Muta O, Elsabrouty M, Gacanin H (2019a) Compressive sensing based spectrum allocation and power control for NOMA HetNets. IEEE Access 7:98495–98506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Nasser A, Muta O, Elsabrouty M, Gacanin H (2019b) Interference mitigation and power allocation scheme for downlink MIMO-NOMA HetNet. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68(7):6805–6816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ni D, Hao L, Tran Q T, Qian X (2018) Power allocation for downlink NOMA heterogeneous networks. IEEE Access 6:26742–26752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nocedal J, Wright S (2006) Numerical optimization. Springer Science & Business Media

  37. Patzold M (2018) It’s time to go big with 5G [mobile radio]. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 13(4):4–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2018.2869728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Song X, 611 Dong L, Wang J, Qin L, Han X (2019) Energy efficient power allocation for downlink NOMA heterogeneous networks with imperfect CSI. IEEE Access 7:39329–39340. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906780

  39. Song Z, Ni Q, Sun X (2018) Distributed power allocation for nonorthogonal multiple access heterogeneous networks. IEEE Commun Lett 22(3):622–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Xu B, Chen Y, Carrión J R, Zhang T (2017) Resource allocation in energy-cooperation enabled two-tier NOMA HetNets toward green 5G. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 35(12):2758–2770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Xu W, Qiu R, Jiang X Q (2019) Resource allocation in heterogeneous cognitive radio network with non-orthogonal multiple access. IEEE Access 7:57488–57499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ye N, Li X, Yu H, Wang A, Liu W, Hou X (2019) Deep learning aided grant-free NOMA toward reliable low-latency access in tactile internet of things. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 15(5):2995–3005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhang H, Fang F, Cheng J, Long K, Wang W, Leung V C (2018a) Energy-efficient resource allocation in NOMA heterogeneous networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 25(2):48–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang S, Zhang N, Kang G, Liu Z (2018b) Energy and spectrum efficient power allocation with NOMA in downlink HetNets. Phys Commun 31:121–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhao J, Liu Y, Chai K K, Nallanathan A, Chen Y, Han Z (2017) Spectrum allocation and power control for non-orthogonal multiple access in HetNets. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 16(9):5825–5837

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China

    Wali Ullah Khan

  2. School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China

    Xingwang Li

  3. Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Asim Ihsan

  4. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Zain Ali & Guftaar Ahmed Sardar Sidhu

  5. College of Computer Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

    Basem M. Elhalawany

  6. Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Basem M. Elhalawany

Authors
  1. Wali Ullah Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xingwang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Asim Ihsan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zain Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Basem M. Elhalawany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Guftaar Ahmed Sardar Sidhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wali Ullah Khan or Xingwang Li.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Special Issue on Cognitive Models for Peer-to-Peer Networking in 5G and Beyond Networks and Systems

Guest Editors: Anil Kumar Budati, George Ghinea, Dileep Kumar Yadav and R. Hafeez Basha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khan, W.U., Li, X., Ihsan, A. et al. Energy efficiency maximization for beyond 5G NOMA-enabled heterogeneous networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 14, 3250–3264 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01176-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01176-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation