Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HTS) is a dermal form of fibroproliferative disorder which often develops after thermal or traumatic injury to the deep regions of the skin and is characterized by excessive deposition and alterations in morphology of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. HTS are cosmetically disfiguring and can cause functional problems that often recur despite surgical attempts to remove or improve the scars. In this review, the roles of various fibrotic and anti-fibrotic molecules are discussed in order to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of HTS. These molecules include growth factors, cytokines, ECM molecules, and proteolytic enzymes. By exploring the mechanisms of this form of dermal fibrosis, we seek to provide some insight into this form of dermal fibrosis that may allow clinicians to improve treatment and prevention in the future.
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Abbreviations
- ALK 1:
-
activin-receptor-like kinase 1
- ALK 5:
-
activin-receptor-like kinase 5
- α-SMA:
-
alpha smooth muscle actin
- COL1:
-
type I collagen
- COL1A2:
-
collagen type I α2
- COL3:
-
type III collagen
- COL4:
-
type IV collagen
- Co-SMAD:
-
common mediator Smad
- CTGF:
-
connective tissue growth factor
- ECM:
-
extracellular matrix
- ERK:
-
extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- HTS:
-
hypertrophic scar
- IGF-1:
-
insulin-like growth factor-1
- IL:
-
interleukin
- IFN:
-
interferon
- I-SMAD:
-
inhibitory Smad
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LSP-1:
-
leukocyte specific protein-1
- LTBP:
-
latent TGF-β1 binding protein
- M6P/IGF II-R:
-
Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors
- MAPK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1:
-
monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MMP:
-
matrix metalloproteinase
- PKB:
-
protein kinase B
- R-Smad:
-
receptor-regulated Smad
- SDF-1:
-
stromal cell-derived factor-1
- SIP1:
-
Smad interacting protein 1
- SLRP:
-
small leucine-rich proteoglycan
- TGF:
-
transforming growth factor
- TGF-βR:
-
TGF-β receptor
- TIEG1:
-
TGF-β inducible early gene 1
- TIMP:
-
tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
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This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Firefighters’ Burn Trust Fund of the University of Alberta.
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Zhu, Z., Ding, J., Shankowsky, H.A. et al. The molecular mechanism of hypertrophic scar. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 7, 239–252 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-013-0195-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-013-0195-5