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Model-free estimates that complement information obtained from the hazard ratio

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Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Learning objectives

  1. 1.

    Understand the limitations of the modeling of survival data, especially as pertains to the Cox proportional hazards model.

  2. 2.

    An introduction to model-free estimates of survival, namely, the restricted mean survival time/restricted mean lost time.

  3. 3.

    Use R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria) or STATA® (The STATACorp, College Station, TX, USA) to perform analyses and obtain these parameters from a dataset.

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  5. Schemper M, Wakounig S, Heinze G. The estimation of average hazard ratios by weighted Cox regression. Stat Med. 2009;28:2473–89.

  6. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2140–50.

  7. Uno H, Claggett B, Tian L, et al. Moving beyond the hazard ratio in quantifying the between-group difference in survival analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2380-5.

  8. Royston P, Parmar MKB. The use of restricted mean survival time to estimate the treatment effect in randomized clinical trials when the proportional hazards assumption is in doubt. Stat Med. 2011;30:2409–21.

  9. Kloecker DE, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Zaccardi F. Uses and limitations of the restricted mean survival time: illustrative examples from cardiovascular outcomes and mortality trials in Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172:541–52.

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Acknowledgements

This material is the result of work supported with resources and use of facilities at the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors. They do not represent the position or policy of the Department of Veteran Affairs or the United States Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Northeast Ohio Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Salil Vasudeo Deo, Vaishali Salil Deo & Varun Sundaram

  2. Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Salil Vasudeo Deo & Varun Sundaram

Authors
  1. Salil Vasudeo Deo
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  2. Vaishali Salil Deo
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  3. Varun Sundaram
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salil Vasudeo Deo.

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Deo, S.V., Deo, V.S. & Sundaram, V. Model-free estimates that complement information obtained from the hazard ratio. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 37, 480–484 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-021-01167-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-021-01167-4

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