Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic development using yearly data from various demographic, economic, and geographic country groups worldwide. The study examines this link at both an aggregated and per-country basis to reduce potential bias. Additionally, the paper explores the possibility of an asymmetric effect between energy usage and economic performance. The results suggest that an increase in energy usage tends to boost economic output while a decrease in energy usage does not significantly impact most of the studied groups and countries. The findings are presented through maps and tabulated data for readers to visualize and explore in detail. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the link between energy consumption and economic performance, with the goal of determining whether an asymmetric effect exists. The data used in this study is comprised of yearly information from different demographic, economic, and geographic country groups worldwide. The methodology involves both aggregated and per-country analyses to reduce potential bias. The study finds that an increase in energy usage tends to boost economic output, while a decrease in energy usage does not significantly impact most of the studied groups and countries. The findings are presented visually through maps and in detail through tabulated data. The results of this study provide insight into the relationship between energy consumption and economic development and indicate the existence of an asymmetric effect. The study finds that an increase in energy usage tends to boost economic output while a decrease in energy usage does not significantly impact most of the studied groups and countries. The findings are presented through maps and tabulated data, which offer a visual representation of the results and allow for further exploration. Based on these findings, policymakers may consider promoting an increase in energy usage to stimulate economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of considering an asymmetric effect when examining the relationship between energy consumption and economic performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Classification from WDI for Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Congo, Rep.Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Iraq, Kiribati, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Fed. Sts., Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Venezuela, Rb, West Bank And Gaza, Yemen, Rep., Zimbabwe.
References
Abosedra, S., & Baghestani, H. (1989). New evidence on the causal relationship between united states energy consumption and gross national product. The Journal of Energy and Development, 14(2), 285–292. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24807939
Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and gdp growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.005, Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113000932
Aslan, A., Apergis, N., & Yildirim, S. (2014). Causality between energy consumption and gdp in the u.s.: evidence from wavelet analysis. Frontiers in Energy, 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-013-0290-6. Retrieved from https://journal.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/abstract/article 5325.shtml
Bekun, F. V., & Agboola, M. O. (2019). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus: evidence from maki cointegration. Engineering Economics, 30(1), 14–23.
Bowden, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009). The causal relationship between U.S. energy consumption and real output: A disaggregated analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(2), 180–188. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jpolmo/v31y2009i2p180-188.html
Carmona, M., Feria, J., Golpe, A. A., & Iglesias, J. (2017). Energy consumption in the US reconsidered. Evidence across sources and economic sectors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77(C), 1055-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.22 Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v77y2017icp1055-1068.html
Cheng, B. S. (1999). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in india: An application of cointegration and error-correction modeling. Indian Economic Review, 34(1), 39–49. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29794181
Chiou-Wei, S. Z., Chen, C.-F., & Zhu, Z. (2008). Economic growth and energy consumption revisited-evidence from linear and nonlinear granger causality. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3063–3076.
Fallahi, F. (2011). Causal relationship between energy consumption (ec) and gdp: A markov-switching (ms) causality. Energy, 36(7), 4165–4170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.027, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211002763
Friedman, L., & Davenport, C. (2021). Amid extreme weather, a shift among republicans on climate change. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/climate/republicans-climatechange.html
Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and gnp. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401–403. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24806805
Lanre Ibrahim, R., Bello Ajide, K., Usman, M., & Kousar, R. (2022). Heterogeneous effects of renewable energy and structural change on environmental pollution in africa: Do natural resources and environmental technologies reduce pressure on the environment? Renewable Energy, 200, 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.134, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148122014938
Li, R., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., & Jiang, R. (2021). Per-capita carbon emissions in 147 countries: The effect of economic, energy, social, and trade structural changes. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1149–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.031, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352550921000695
Mahalingam, B., & Orman, W. H. (2018). GDP and energy consumption: A panel analysis of the US. Applied Energy, 213(C), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.0 Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v213y2018icp208-218.html
Makhdum, M. S. A., Usman, M., Kousar, R., Cifuentes-Faura, J., Radulescu, M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). How do institutional quality, natural resources, renewable energy, and financial development reduce ecological footprint without hindering economic growth trajectory? evidence from china. Sustainability,14(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113910 Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/21/13910
Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). Co2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the us. Energy Policy, 38(6), 2911–2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510000303 (The Role of Trust in Managing Uncertainties in the Transition to a Sustainable Energy Economy, Special Section with Regular Papers)
Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2010). The causal relationship between energy consumption and gdp in albania, bulgaria, hungary and romania: Evidence from ardl bound testing approach. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1938–1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.010, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261909004383
Payne, J. E. (2009). On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the us. Applied Energy, 86(4), 575–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.003, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261908001724
Payne, J.E., & Taylor, J.P. (2010). Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the u.s.: An empirical note. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 5(3), 301–307. doi: 10.1080/15567240802533955. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/15567240802533955
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Saqib, N., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Integration of renewable energy and technological innovation in realizing environmental sustainability: the role of human capital in ekc framework. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 16372–16385.
Shahbaz, M., Benkraiem, R., Miloudi, A., & Lahiani, A. (2017). Production function with electricity consumption and policy implications in portugal. Energy Policy, 110, 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.08.056, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517305608
Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ardl framework. In R.C. Sickles & W.C. Horrace (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of peter schmidt: Econometric methods and applications (pp. 281-314). New York, NY: Springer New York. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
Stern, D. I. (2000). A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the US macroeconomy. Energy Economics, 22(2), 267–283, Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v22y2000i2p267-283.html
Usman, M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). Environmental concern in the era of industrialization: Can financial development, renewable energy and natural resources alleviate some load? Energy Policy, 162:112780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112780, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522000052
Usman, M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). Environmental concern in the era of industrialization: Can financial development, renewable energy and natural resources alleviate some load? Energy Policy, 162:112780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112780, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522000052
Usman, M., & Radulescu, M. (2022). Examining the role of nuclear and renewable energy in reducing carbon footprint: Does the role of technological innovation really create some difference? Science of The Total Environment, 841:156662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156662, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722037597
Wang, Q., Wang, X., Li, R. (2022). Does urbanization redefine the environmental kuznets curve? an empirical analysis of 134 countries. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103382. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scs.2021.103382
Wang, Q., Wang, L., & Li, R. (2023). Trade protectionism jeopardizes carbon neutrality - decoupling and breakpoints roles of trade openness. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35, 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.08.034, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352550922002408
Wang, Q., Yang, T., & Li, R. (2023). Does income inequality reshape the environmental kuznets curve (ekc) hypothesis? a nonlinear panel data analysis. Environmental Research, 216:114575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114575, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935122019028
Wang, Q., Zhang, F., & Li, R. (2023). Revisiting the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in 208 counties: The roles of trade openness, human capital, renewable energy and natural resource rent. Environmental Research, 216,114637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114637, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935122019648
Yıldırım, E., Saraç, S., & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the usa: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770–6774, Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:rensus:v:16:y:2012:i:9:p:6770-6774
Yu, E. S. H., & Jin, J. C. (1992). Cointegration tests of energy consumption, income, and employment.Resources and Energy, 14(3), 259–266. Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:reseng:v:14:y:1992:i:3:p:259-266
Acknowledgements
The numerical calculations reported in this paper were partially performed at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA resources).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Demir, H.U., Karamelikli, H. Does energy usage reduction hinder economic performance?. Energy Efficiency 16, 60 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10131-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10131-7