Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Motor efficiency modeling towards energy optimization for two-wheel electric vehicle

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Energy Efficiency Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nowadays, transportation electrification represents one of the most significant changes to reduce the pollution production rate. Unfortunately, in a TWEV (two-wheel electric vehicle), particularly in the case of a motorcycle wheel hub motor, there are different constraints by using an electric driving chain. They include an autonomy reduction caused by the lack of a control system to maintain a good powertrain efficiency according to the operating parameters variation, principally in the motor. In consequence, the efficiency decreases significantly by the relationship between speed proposed by the driver and the torque required by the vehicle. Those parameters can be used in order to make an efficiency optimization based on present road/weather conditions. Regrettably, this kind of control (optimal control) requires a representative model with low computation time and easy implementation. In this paper, a convex geometrical representation of an electric motor power efficiency is proposed. This representation helps to reduce the optimization compilation time without strong accuracy losses in order to propose sophisticated co-driving profiles. Its advantages over the high mathematical complexity representation are evaluated with an electric vehicle urban speed profile and an efficiency optimization compatible with the requirements of real-time operation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Kobayashi, S., Plotkin, S., & Ribeiro, S. K. (2009). Energy efficiency technologies for road vehicles. Energy Efficiency, 2(2), 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Zhu, H., Wu, M., & Jiang, Z. (2016). Efficiency map calculation for surface-mounted permanent-magnet in-wheel motor based on design parameters and control strategy. Jianzhu Cailiao Xuebao/Journal of Building Materials, 19(6), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, C., Anable, J., & Morton, C. (2019). Lifestyle, efficiency and limits: modelling transport energy and emissions using a socio-technical approach. Energy Efficiency, 12(1), 187–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ščasný, M., Zvěřinová, I., & Czajkowski, M. (2018). Electric, plug-in hybrid, hybrid, or conventional? Polish consumers’ preferences for electric vehicles. Energy Efficiency, 11(8), 2181–2201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • da Costa Bortoni, E., Almeida, R. A., & Viana, A. N. C. (2008). Optimization of parallel variable-speed-driven centrifugal pumps operation. Energy Efficiency, 1(3), 167–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. G., & Lawson, R. (2018). The road code: encouraging more efficient driving practices in New Zealand. Energy Efficiency, 11(7), 1617–1626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, N., Sathaye, N., Phadke, A., & Letschert, V. (2014). Efficiency improvement opportunities for ceiling fans. Energy Efficiency, 8(1), 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Li, X., Wang, X., Song, J., He, K., & Li, C. (2016). Analysis of downshift’s improvement to energy efficiency of an electric vehicle during regenerative braking. Applied Energy, 176, 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., Qin, D., & Hu, J. (2017). Multi-objective optimization design and performance evaluation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains. Applied Energy, 208(174), 1608–1625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, J. C., Monteiro, V., & Afonso, J. L. (2014). Dynamic range prediction for an electric vehicle, 2013 World electric vehicle symposium and exhibition. EVS, 2014, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, C., Du, S., Li, L., You, S., Yang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Adaptive real-time optimal energy management strategy based on equivalent factors optimization for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Applied Energy, 203, 883–896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Liu, M., Lau, J., & Zhang, B. (2015). A novel method to determine the motor efficiency under variable speed operations and partial load conditions. Applied Energy, 144, 234–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markovic, M., Hodder, A., & Perriard, Y. (2009). An analytical determination of the torque-speed and efficiency-speed characteristics of a BLDC motor. 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2009, 6(5), 168–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, T., Tsuji, T., Hashimoto, S., & Kurita, N. (2014). Simple equivalent circuit for efficiency calculation of brushless DC motors. Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, 3(1), 54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toma, T. (2001). Rotor loss in Permanent-Magnet brushless AC machines. Genome Biology, 2(1), 1612–1618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasil, M., Mijatovic, N., Jensen, B. B., & Holboll, J. (2017). Nonlinear dynamic model of PMBLDC motor considering core losses. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(12), 9282–9290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian, Z., Zhang, C., & Zhang, S. (2017). Analytical calculation of magnetic field distribution and stator iron losses for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines. Energies, 10, 3.

  • Dusane, P. (2016). Simulation of BLDC Hub Motor in ANSYS - Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Power Engineering Student: Prathamesh Mukund Dusane, no. June.

  • Cheshmehbeigi, H. M., & Afjei, E. (2013). Design Optimization of a homopolar salient-pole brushless dc machine: analysis, simulation, and experimental tests. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 28(2), 289–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragot, P., Markovic, M., & Perriard, Y. (2006). Optimization of electric motor for a solar airplane application. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 42(4), 1053–1061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nategh, S., Wallmark, O., Leksell, M., & Zhao, S. (2012). Thermal analysis of a PMaSRM using partial FEA and lumped parameter modeling. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 27 (2), 477–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, N., Bolognani, S., & Frare, P. (2003). Design criteria of high efficiency SPM synchronous motors. IEMDC 2003 - IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2, 1042–1048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Deng, Z., Gu, C., Sun, Q., Peng, C., & Pang, G. (2019). Reduction of rotor harmonic Eddy-Current loss of High-Speed PM BLDC motors by using a split-phase winding method. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, PP(c), 1–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prohaska, R., Duran, A., Ragatz, A., & Kelly, K. (2015). Statistical characterization of medium - duty electric vehicle drive cycles. EVS28 International electric vehicle symposium and exhibition, no Md, 1–10.

  • Rizoug, N., Mesbahi, T., Sadoun, R., Bartholomeu̇s, P., & Le Moigne, P. (2018). Development of new improved energy management strategies for electric vehicle battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system. Energy Efficiency, 11(4), 823–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Younes, Z., Boudet, L., Suard, F., Gerard, M., & Rioux, R. (2013). Analysis of the main factors influencing the energy consumption of electric vehicles. 2013 International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, 247–253.

  • Jazar, R. N. (2014). Vehicle dynamics. 2nd edn.

  • QSMOTOR. (2017). Torque Test.

  • Zhang, X., & Mi, C. (2011). Vehicle power mangement, 1st edn. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank Colciencias and ecosnord for the sponsorship to the project “Control asistido para la conducción de una motocicleta eléctrica orientado a la eficiencia energética” with contract 890-2019.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Embedded Systems for Transportation Research Department, ESTACALAB, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France

    Y. Bello, T. Azib, C. Larouci, M. Boukhnifer & N. Rizoug

  2. Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot, D.C., Colombia

    D. Patino & F. Ruiz

Authors
  1. Y. Bello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Azib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Larouci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Boukhnifer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. N. Rizoug
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. Patino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. F. Ruiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. Bello.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bello, Y., Azib, T., Larouci, C. et al. Motor efficiency modeling towards energy optimization for two-wheel electric vehicle. Energy Efficiency 15, 16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-021-09997-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-021-09997-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation