Abstract
This paper projects European households’ stock of dishwashers and explores possible measures to accelerate adoption of more energy-efficient products. Europe is experiencing an increase in the sales of household dishwashers and this trend is expected to become more relevant in the coming years. The consequent rise in energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced if consumers are motivated by environmental awareness and options on the market to buy more choice of energy-efficient household dishwashers. In 2010, Europe introduced Ecodesign and Energy Label requirements aiming at regulating this sector and now the time has come for their revision. Additionally, the newly released Energy Label Framework Regulation ((EU) 2017/1369) mandates a rescaling of the current level to return to an A to G scale. The stock of dishwashers is projected using the data for EU-28 and estimated savings in households’ electricity and water consumption, GHG emissions and consumer expenditure have been calculated for four different scenarios. Using a stock model, this study shows the effectiveness of revising both the Ecodesign and Energy Label Regulations for dishwashers and proposes several options within the newly released Energy Label Framework Regulation ((EU) 2017/1369).
At the EU-28 level, estimated savings in households’ electricity consumption of 2.0 TWh/year (corresponding to a reduction of 0.67 Mt CO2eq) and 15 million m3 of water per year in 2030 could be expected if the Ecodesign and Energy Label Regulations for household dishwashers are revised and implemented accordingly. Additionally, we presented several scenarios that measures could bring benefits to the consumers (EUR2015 0.72 billion in 2030).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APPLiAn.d. database 2014 and 2015, https://www.applia-europe.eu/ . APPLiA is the European association of appliance manufacturers.
Balde, C. P., Kuehr, R., Blumenthal, S., Fondeut Gill, S., Kern, M., Micheli, P., Magpantay, E. and Huisman, J. (2015). E-waste statistics: guidelines on classifications, reporting and indicators. United Nations University, IAS - SCYCLE. Available at https://i.unu.edu/media/ias.unu.edu-en/project/2238/E-waste-Guidelines_Partnership_2015.pdf.
Bundgaard, A., Remmen, A. and Overgaard Zacho, K. (2015). Ecodesign Directive version 2.0: from energy efficiency to resource efficiency. http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/01/978-87-93283-56-5.pdf, last accessed on 08 Apr 2015.
CLASP (ed.) (2013). Estimating potential additional energy savings from upcoming revisions to existing regulations under the ecodesign and energy labelling directives: a contribution to the evidence base (http://www.clasponline.org). http://www.clasponline.org/en/Resources/Resources/PublicationLibrary/2013/CLASP-and-eceee-Point-To-Additional-Savings-from-Ecodesign-and-Energy-Labelling.aspx. Last accessed on 08 Apr 2015.
DG ENER 2017, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rules-consumer-centred-clean-energy-transition. Last accessed on 15 January 2017.
EU Reference Scenario 2016. Energy, transport and GHG emissions Trends to 2050. ISBN 978-92-79-52373-1 doi: https://doi.org/10.2833/9127.
Eurostat (2016a). Number of private households by household composition, number of children and age of youngest child (1000). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/LFST_HHNHTYCH, last accessed on 14 Jun 2016.
Eurostat (2016b). Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP): HICP (2015 = 100) - monthly data (annual rate of change) [prc_hicp_manr]. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/hicp/data/database, last accessed on 17 May 2016.
Gerke, BF, MacNeil MA, Thomas T, (2017). The international database for efficient appliances (IDEA): a new tool to support appliance energy-efficiency deployment, Applied Energy. 205, pp: 453-464
JRC (2014), Josephine Arendorf, Katherine Bojczuk, Edward Sims, Rimousky Menkveld, Laura Golsteijn, Anne Gaasbeek, Alicia Boyano, Galyna Medyna, Renata Kaps (2014) Revision of European EU Ecolabel, Criteria for Detergents for Dishwashers, available at: http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/detergents/docs/DD%20Preliminary%20Report.pdf.
JRC (2017a), Boyano A., Moons H., Villanueva A., Graulich K., Rüdenauer I., Alborzi F., Hook I., Stamminger R., (2017) Ecodesign and Energy Label for household dishwashers, EUR 28645 EN, doi: https://doi.org/10.2760/024232.
JRC (2017b) Boyano A., Moons H., Villanueva A., Graulich K., Rüdenauer I., Alborzi F., Hook I., Stamminger R, Follow-up for the preparatory study for Ecodesign and Energy Label for household dishwashers (2007), EUR 28808 EN, doi:https://doi.org/10.2760/0768.
McNeil, M., & Bojda, N. (2012). Cost-effectiveness of high-efficiency appliances in the US residential sector: a case study. Energy Policy, 45, 33–42.
Prakash, S.; Dehoust, G.; Gsell, M.; Schleicher, T. & Stamminger, R. in cooperation with Antony, F., Gensch, C.-O, Graulich Hilbert, I., & Köhler, A. R. (2016). Einfluss der Nutzungsdauer von Produkten auf ihre Umweltwirkung: Schaffung einer Informationsgrundlage und Entwicklung von Strategien gegen „Obsoleszenz“: Final report [Influence of the service life of products in terms of their environmental impact: Establishing an information base and developing policies against “obsolescence”].
PRIMES 2016, EU reference scenario for 2016. Energy, transport and GHG emissions, Trends to 2050, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Directorate-General for Climate Action and Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20160713%20draft_publication_REF2016_v13.pdf.
Ricardo-AEA (2015). The durability of products: standard assessment for the circular economy under the eco-innovation action plan. Luxembourg: Publications Office. Available at: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6c325b55-7352-11e5-86db-01aa75ed71a1/language-en, last accessed on 17 December 2018.
Ruedenauer, I., Blepp, M., Brommer, E., Gensch C., Graulich K., Mudgal, S., Cervantes, R., Faninger T., Lyons L., and Seifried, D., (2011) Preparatory studies for Ecodesign Requirements of energy using products: Lot 24: professional washing machines, dryers and dishwashers; Final Report, Part Dishwashers. Available at: https://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/Energy/Energy%20Efficiency/Library/Ecodesign%20preparatory%20studies/Lot%2024%20-%20Professional%20washing%20machines%20and%20dryers/Professional%20washing%20machines%20and%20dryers%20-%20Task%206.pdf.
Tecchio, P.; Ardente, F. & Mathieux, F. (2016). Durability, reusability, reparability – assessment for dishwashers and washing machines, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/analysis-durability-reusability-and-reparability-application-washing-machines-and-dishwashers, last accessed on 18 December 2018.
VHK (ed.) (2014 / status 2013). Ecodesign Impact Accounting: Part 1 – Status Nov. 2013. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_06_ecodesign_impact_accounting_part1.pdf, last accessed on 07 Apr 2015.
Yilmaz, S., Majcen, D., Heidari, M., Mahmoodi, J., Brosch, T., & Patel, M. K. (2019). Analysis of the impact of energy efficiency labelling and potential changes on electricity demand reduction of white goods using a stock model: the case of Switzerland. Applied Energy, 239, 117–132.
Acknowledgements
We thank CECED for their assistance and provision of updated and anonymised technical data. We thank Ina Ruedenauer and her colleagues for their assistance in various stages of the study and manufacturers for sharing their knowledge and experiences with us. The authors would like to thank participants and stakeholders for their fruitful discussions and informative sessions and to the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions
Funding
This project received funding from the European Commission.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boyano, A., Moons, H. Analysing of the impacts of the revision of Ecodesign and Energy Label Regulations for household dishwashers by using a stock model. Energy Efficiency 13, 1147–1162 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09874-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09874-4