The potential contribution of disruptive low-carbon innovations to 1.5 °C climate mitigation

Table 2 Consumer-facing innovations relating to mobility which can potentially reduce emissions. • = included in survey of experts; x = included in scaling-up methodology for estimating emission reductions (see text for details)

Potentially disruptive low-carbon innovation (DLCI)		Higher-carbon incumbent	Survey	Scaling-up
Alternative fuel or vehicle technologies	Electric vehicles (EVs)	ICE vehicles^a	•
	Autonomous vehicles		•
	Fuel cell vehicles (H₂FCVs)		•
	Biofuel or flex-fuel vehicles		•
Alternative forms of auto-mobility	Car clubs (car-sharing)	Car ownership and use^b	•	x
	Ride-sharing		•
	Shared taxis or ‘taxi-buses’^c
	Neighbourhood electric vehicles^d
Alternatives to auto-mobility	e-Bikes	Car ownership and use^b	•	x
Alternatives to auto-mobility	Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS)^e	Car ownership and use^b	•	x
Reduced demand for mobility	Telecommuting	Commuting by car	•
Reduced demand for mobility	Interactive virtual reality, telepresence^f	Commuting by car

^aICE = petrol or diesel-powered internal combustion engines
^bIndicative only, displaced transport mode may by public transport or active modes (see text for discussion)
^cShared taxis or ‘taxi-buses’ (also real-time ride-sharing) are cars or minivans with multiple passengers on similar routes, booked on short notice via apps so wait times are short
^dNeighbourhood electric vehicles (NEVs) are light-weight low-speed battery-driven vehicles allowed on roads (HBR 2015)
^eMobility-as-a-service (also inter-modality) refers to app-based scheduling, booking and payment systems for multiple transport modes (ride-sharing, bike-sharing, bus, tram, metro, train) through a single gateway or account (ITF 2016)
^fInteractive virtual reality or telepresence can be used for immersive interaction by remote (as currently used in medical diagnosis or surgery) (Roby 2014)