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Notes
With the term electric car, we mean a car that is powered solely by a battery.
The German government has not specified the targeted degree of electrification. We assume that plug-in hybrid electric cars (cars with two power trains, in most cases powered by a battery and a combustion engine) are also included in the goal. This would roughly double the number of sold cars to approximately 50,000 (Electrive.net 2016), still very low compared to the government’s goal.
The average distance that households travel by car per year in Germany is approx. 14,300 km (KBA 2015).
Charging a current middle-class electric car up to 80% of battery capacity takes at least 5 to 8 hours on typical power sockets. At fast charging facilities, the process takes between 20 and 60 min.
The purchase price of middle-class electric cars in Germany is between 30 and 80% higher than comparable combustion engine cars. Detailed information on cost aspects of electric cars in comparison to combustion engine cars can be obtained from a web calculator at http://emob-kostenrechner.oeko.de/#/.
These are actually conservative estimations as the development of solutions for higher range in the electric car sector is currently very dynamic. The Tesla Model 3, which was introduced as a middle-class electric car in 2017, already has a range of 350 km in the basic version and 500 km in the more expensive version.
One example of a well-designed website that provides people with all kinds of information on electric cars is http://elbil.no. One example of a well-frequented web forum is http://elbilforum.no.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the German Helmholtz Association and the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt as part of the Helmholtz Alliance ENERGY-TRANS. We thank Christian A. Klöckner (NTNU Trondheim) and Lydia Heilen (OvGU Magdeburg) for their valuable support in the course of the study. We also thank our colleagues from the Kopernikus-project ENavi (funded by the German Federal Ministery of Education and Research, BMBF) for fruitful discussions on this paper.
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Bobeth, S., Matthies, E. New opportunities for electric car adoption: the case of range myths, new forms of subsidies, and social norms. Energy Efficiency 11, 1763–1782 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9586-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9586-4