Abstract
Hospital energy consumption is relatively high, while saving energy and reducing cost comprise one of the most important challenges considered by the majority of building designers, engineers, and decision makers. An end-use energy analysis was conducted in a large-scale hospital in Malaysia to identify energy apportioning and energy end use in the areas of air conditioning, lifts, lighting, equipment, and others. The analysis was carried out by assessing the collected desktop and field data as well as some calculations. The Building Energy Index (BEI) was calculated to compare the consumption levels in the selected hospital, which is a typical hospital building, with other hospitals in Malaysia as well as low energy buildings and Malaysian standards. The main energy source in this case study was electricity with a supply of around 75 % of total energy consumption. The current average annual electricity consumed by this hospital was 44,637,966 kWh, out of which 63 % was used by air conditioning systems and 17 % by lighting. The BEI comparison revealed that the calculated BEI of 384 kWh/m2/year is significantly higher than Malaysian rating systems and standards which recommend 200 kWh/m2/year for hospitals, 135 kWh/m2/year for commercial sectors, and is higher than previously observed hospitals with a BEI of less than 300 kWh/m2/year.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Mansour, F. (2010). Energy efficiency trends and policy in Slovenia. Energy.
Aste, N., & Del Pero, C. Energy retrofit of commercial buildings: case study and applied methodology. Energy Efficiency, 1–17, doi: 10.1007/s12053-012-9168-4.
Azizpour, F., Moghimi, S., Lim, C., Mat, S., Zaharim, A., & Sopian, K. (2011a). Thermal comfort assessment in large scale hospital: Case study in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 4th WSEAS international conference on Recent Reseaches in Geography Geology, Energy, Environment and Biomedicine, Corfu Island, Greece.
Azizpour, F., Moghimi, S., Mat, S., Lim, C., & Sopian, K. (2011b). Objective and subjective assessment of thermal comfort in hot-humid region. Paper presented at the 5th WSEAS international conferences on recent researches in chemistry, biology, invironment and culture, Montreux, Switzerland.
Azizpour, F., Moghimi, S., Lim, C., Mat, S., Salleh, E., & Sopian, K. (2012). A thermal comfort investigation of a faciliy department of a hospital in hot-humid climate: correlation between subjective and objective measurment. Indoor and Built Environment. doi:10.1177/1420326X12460067.
Bertoldi, P., & Rezessy, S. (2008). Tradable white certificate schemes: fundamental concepts. Energy Efficiency, 1(4), 237–255. doi:10.1007/s12053-008-9021-y.
Chua, S. C., & Oh, T. H. (2010). Review on Malaysian' s national energy developments: key policies, agencies, programmes and international involvements. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 2916–2925.
Chung, M., & Park, H. C. (2010). Development of a software package for community energy system assessment - Part I: Building a load estimator. Energy, 35(7), 2767–2776.
GBI:Green Building Index (2010). Accessed 12-sep-2012 2012.
Guerra-Santin, O., & Itard, L. (2012). The effect of energy performance regulations on energy consumption. Energy Efficiency, 5(3), 269–282. doi:10.1007/s12053-012-9147-9.
Kassim, H., & Bathish, A. (2001). Energy efficiency opportunities for government hospitals. Malaysia.
Lim, Y. W., Kandar, M. Z., Ahmad, M. H., Ossen, D. R., & Abdullah, A. M. (2012). Building facade design for daylighting quality in typical government office building. Building and Environment, 57, 194–204.
Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjuki, H. H., Saidur, R., & Amalina, M. A. (2004). Cost-benefit analysis of implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for household refrigerator-freezers in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 32(16), 1819–1824.
Moghimi, S., Lim, C., Mat, S., Zaharim, A., & Sopian, K. (2011). Building energy index (BEI) in large scale hospital: case study of Malaysia. Paper presented at the 4th WSEAS international conference on Recent Reseaches in Geography Geology, Energy, Environment and Biomedicine, Corfu Island, Greece.
MS1525: Malaysian Standard (2007). Code of Practice on Energy Efficient and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-residential.
Murakami, S., Levine, M., Yoshino, H., Inoue, T., Ikaga, T., Shimoda, Y., et al. (2009). Overview of energy consumption and GHG mitigation technologies in the building sector of Japan. Energy Efficiency, 2(2), 179–194. doi:10.1007/s12053-008-9040-8.
Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., & Pout, C. (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy and Buildings, 40(3), 394–398. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.007.
Saidur, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Yogeswaran, S., Mohammed, H. A., & Hossain, M. S. (2010). An end-use energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital. Energy, 35(12), 4780–4785.
Sebitosi, A. B. (2008). Energy efficiency, security of supply and the environment in South Africa: Moving beyond the strategy documents. Energy, 33(11), 1591–1596.
Teske, S., Pregger, T., Simon, S., Naegler, T., Graus, W., & Lins, C. (2011). Energy [R]evolution 2010—a sustainable world energy outlook. Energy Efficiency, 4(3), 409–433. doi:10.1007/s12053-010-9098-y.
TNB:Tenega National Berhad (2012). Accessed 12-sep-2012 2012.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia for sponsoring the work under the project Science fund UKM-DLP-2011-032. Thanks as well to the UKMMC staff for their valuable assistance in this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix A
Appendix A
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moghimi, S., Azizpour, F., Mat, S. et al. Building energy index and end-use energy analysis in large-scale hospitals—case study in Malaysia. Energy Efficiency 7, 243–256 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9221-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9221-y