Abstract
The Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive (ESD) of the European Union requires the member states to define and attain an overall target of at least 9% annual energy savings between 2008 and 2016. Even if this target is indicative, this is the first international framework mandating countries to report on their energy savings results and prove achievement of their targets. The directive thus also required the development of harmonised calculation methods that can be used by member states for this proof and reporting. Existing literature covers most of the usual issues related to energy savings evaluation, but mostly looking at single, given energy efficiency programmes or policies. The evaluation objective for the ESD implementation is different, as it aims at accounting for the whole energy savings achieved in a country. Moreover, one of the main difficulties is the diversity in history and experience on this topic among the member states. In this context, the European project EMEEES has worked out an integrated system of bottom-up and top-down methods for the measurement of energy savings. The paper presents the overview of its final results. The proposals, inter alia, include 20 bottom-up and 14 top-down case applications of general evaluation methods. They enable more than 90% of the potential energy savings to be measured and reported. They were used as a starting point by the European Commission to develop the methods recently recommended to the member states. Furthermore, the paper briefly discusses the importance of the quantity to be measured—all or additional energy savings—and the effect of measures implemented before the entering into force of the ESD (‘early action’), and what this meant for the methods to be developed. It compares the main elements of calculation needed to ensure consistent results between bottom-up and top-down methods at the overall national level. Finally, general conclusions are drawn about what could be the next steps in developing an evaluation system that enables a high degree of comparability of results between different countries.
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Notes
ESD implementation covers 9 years (2008–2016). The national targets were calculated in 2007, and consist for each member state in 9% (or above) of its annual average energy consumption (in absolute terms (GWh)), based on a reference period (the most recent 5-year period previous to 2008, for which data were available). The energy consumption taken into account in the ESD does not include that covered by the European Emission Trading Scheme (see Directive 2003/87/EC).
,“brought about by natural replacement, energy price changes, etc.” as stated in the EU Action Plan (EC 2006)
For general discussions about additionality and baseline, see also (Vine 2008).
The multiplier (or spillover) effect enhances the initial effect of energy efficiency improvement measures. According to Annex IV-5 of the ESD, the multiplier effect means that “the market will implement a measure automatically without any further involvement from the authorities or agencies referred to in Article 4–4 or any private sector energy services provider”.
Price elasticity may be differentiated between upward and downward price elasticity.
To facilitate the decisions of the ESD Committee, two sub-committees were created to examine the most important issues related to bottom-up and top-down evaluation approaches, respectively.
See the reports from the pilot tests available on the EMEEES website for information on the field tests performed in the other countries covered and (Broc et al. 2010) on the field tests in France.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the European Commission for the financial support to the EMEEES project, and all partners of the EMEEES project for their contributions to the results presented here.
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All reports and case applications produced by the project are available at www.evaluate-energy-savings.eu. With regard to the methods developed by EMEEES, they include:
• The EMEEES final report (Wuppertal Institute 2009)
• Two summary reports on methods: bottom-up (Vreuls et al. 2009) and top-down (Lapillonne et al. 2009)
• Bottom-up methodological report (Broc et al. 2009)
• Twenty bottom-up case applications papers
• Compilation report on 14 top-down case studies (Lapillonne and Desbrosses 2009)
• A report on consistency and the integration of the savings from bottom-up and top-down methods (Boonekamp and Thomas 2009)
• The EMEEES checklists for reporting the results of bottom-up and top-down evaluations of energy efficiency improvement measures, Appendices 2 and 3 of (Wuppertal Institute 2009).
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Thomas, S., Boonekamp, P., Vreuls, H. et al. How to measure the overall energy savings linked to policies and energy services at the national level?. Energy Efficiency 5, 19–35 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-011-9122-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-011-9122-x