Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

In-plane anisotropy and tensile deformation behaviour of aluminium alloy AA 2014 forge plates

  • Published:
Sādhanā Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Plastic flow behaviour and fracture mechanism of aluminium alloy AA 2014 forged plates under tensile loading conditions are investigated and the results obtained are presented and discussed in the present study. The effects of heat treatment (namely, solution treatment and artificial ageing) on micro-structural homogeneity, tensile behaviour and nature of fracture were studied using hardness, tensile, optical and scanning electron microscopy methods. Experimental engineering stress–engineering strain and true stress–true strain data of the aluminium alloy AA 2014 in different ageing conditions have been analysed using Hollomon, Ludwik and Ludwigson plastic flow relationships. The alloy is found to exhibit moderate degree of in-plane anisotropy and anisotropic index. Further, the alloy in both solution-treated and aged conditions exhibits three different stages of strain-hardening rate and the highest strain-hardening rate occurs at regions of lower strain both in solution-treated and peak-aged conditions. It is also observed that the longitudinal specimen (L parallel to forging direction) exhibits higher strain hardening, while the specimen with T orientation exhibits lowest strain-hardening rates both in solution-treated and aged conditions. The alloy under study in all the heat treatment conditions exhibits ductile fracture mechanism with higher density of uniformly distributed macro- and micro-dimples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abood A N, Saleh A H and Abdullah Z W 1993 Effect of heat treatment on strain life of aluminium alloy AA6061. J. Mater. Sci. Res. 2: 51–59

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cai C, Ji Z, Zhang H and Wang G 2009 Study on microstructure and texture of 3003 aluminum sheets rolled by laser textured roll. J. Metall. 9: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  3. Venkateshwarlu G, Davidson M J and Tagore G R N 2010 Finite element simulation of deep drawing of aluminium alloy sheets at elevated temperatures. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 5: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  4. Reid R J, Jones A H and Green S J 1974 Characterization of 2014-T651 aluminium alloy. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Centre

  5. Siegert K and Wagner S 1994 Formability characteristics of aluminium sheet. TALAT Lecture 3701, European Aluminium Association

  6. Ankamma K, Ravindra Reddy P V R, Eswara Prasad N, Nagarjuna S, Chandra Mohan Reddy G and Komaraiah M 2011 Numerical simulation for the determination of the limit drawing ratio of a cold rolled and solution treated Nimonic C-263 alloy sheet. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 102: 323–330

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ankamma K, Satyanarayana D V V, Prasad K S, Chandramohan Reddy G, Komaraiah M and Eswara Prasad N 2011 Effects of aging and sheet thickness on the room temperature deformation behaviour and in-plane anisotropy of cold rolled and solution treated Nimonic C-263 alloy sheet. Int. J. Mater. Res. 102: 1274–1285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ankamma K, Singh A K, Prasad K S, Eswara Prasad N and Chandra Mohan Reddy G 2014 Yield locus of a cold rolled and solution treated Nimonic-263 alloy sheet, determined using asymmetrical Knoop microhardness indenter. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 67: 531–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Eswara Prasad N and Malakondaiah G 1992 Anisotropy of mechanical properties in quaternary Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys. Bull. Mater. Sci. 15: 297–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Eswara Prasad N 1993 In-plane anisotropy in the fatigue and fracture properties of quaternary Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys. Doctoral Thesis, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India

  11. Eswara Prasad N, Kamat S V, Prasad K S, Malakondaiah G and Kutumbarao V V 1993 In-plane anisotropy in fracture toughness of Al–Li 8090 plate. Eng. Fract. Mech. 46: 209–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Eswara Prasad N, Malakondaiah G, Kutumbarao V V and Rama Rao P 1996 In-plane anisotropy in low cycle fatigue properties of and bilinearity in Coffin–Manson plots for quaternary Al–Li–Cu–Mg 8090 alloy plate. Mater. Sci. Technol. 12: 563–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Jata K V, Hopkins A K and Rioja R 1996 The anisotropy and texture of Al–Li alloys. Mater. Sci. Forum 217: 647–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jata K V, Panchanadeeswaran S and Vasudevan A K 1998 Evolution of texture, microstructure and mechanical property anisotropy in an Al–Li–Cu alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 257: 37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mehta K K, Mukhopadhyay P, Mandal R K and Singh A K 2014 Mechanical properties anisotropy of cold rolled and solution-annealed Ni-based hastalloy C-276. Metall. Mater. Trans. 45: 3493–3514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. ASTM Standard E-8 2013 Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International

  17. Banumathy S, Mandal R K and Singh A K 2011 Hot rolling of binary Ti–Nb alloys part-II: mechanical properties anisotropy. Int. J. Mater. Res. 102: 208–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Eswara Prasad N, Prasad K S, Kamat S V and Malakondaiah G 1995 Influence of microstructural features on the fracture resistance of aluminium lithium alloy sheets. Eng. Fract. Mech. 51: 87–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hales S J and Hafley R A 1998 Texture and anisotropy in Al–Li alloy 2195 plate and near-net-shape extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 257: 153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rioja R J and Liu J 2012 The evolution of Al–Li base products for aerospace and space applications. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43: 3325–3337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wu Y T and Koo C H 1998 Effect of temperature on the anisotropic super plasticity of textured Ti–25 Al–10Nb alloy. Scr. Metall. 38: 267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lavakumar A, Murthy C H V S, Satyanarayana D V V and Eswara Prasad N 2013 Strain hardening behaviour of a nickel based superalloy supercast 247A. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 4: 1914–1920

    Google Scholar 

  23. Duesbery M S and Vitek V 1998 Plastic anisotropy in B.C.C. transition metals. Acta Mater. 46: 1481–1492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ludwigson D C 1971 Modified stress–strain relations for FCC metals and alloys. Metall. Trans. 2: 2825–2828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Satyanarayana D V V, Satya Prasad K, Malakondaiah G and Sarma D S 2007 Strain hardening behaviour of an Fe–Ni–Cr–Al alloy. Mater. Sci. Technol. 23: 79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Asagari S, El-Danaf E, Kalidindi S R and Doherty R D 1997 Strain hardening regimes and microstructural evaluation during large strain compression of low stalking fault energy FCC alloys that form deformation twins. Metall. Mater. Trans. 28: 1781–1795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Barlat F and Lian K 1989 Plastic behaviour and stretchability of sheet metals. Part I: A yield function for orthotropic sheets under plane stress conditions. Int. J. Plasticity 5: 51–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Doorbar P J, Borradaile B and Driver D 1986 Evaluation of aluminium–lithium–copper–magnesium–zirconium alloy as forging material. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Aluminium–Lithium Alloys, Institute of Metals, London, pp. 496–508

  29. Lee E W and Kim N J 1989 Proceedings of the 5th International Al–Li Conference, vol. 2, pp. 809–815

  30. Mondal C, Singh A K, Mukhopadhyay A K and Chattopadhyay K 2012 Mechanical property anisotropy of 7010 aluminium alloy sheet having single rotated-brass texture. Mater. Sci. Forum 702: 303–306

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tempus G, Calles W and Scharf G 1991 Influence of extrusion process parameters and texture on mechanical properties of Al–Li extrusions. Mater. Sci. Technol. 7: 937–945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mishra S, Kulkarni K and Gurao N P 2015 Effect of crystallographic texture on precipitation induced anisotropy in an aluminium magnesium silicon alloy. Mater. Des. 87: 507–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mishra S, Yadava M, Kulkarni K and Gurao N P 2017 A modified Taylor model for predicting yield strength anisotropy in age hardenable aluminium alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 699: 217–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. McClintock F A 1968 A criterion of ductile fracture by the growth of holes. J. Appl. Mech. 35: 363–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank SAIF, IIT Bombay, for the permission in utilising the facility of SEM. The authors also thank RCMA, DRDO, Hyderabad, for heat treatment, optical microscopy and hardness testing and AMTL, Hyderabad, for tensile testing. One of the authors (G Narender) gratefully acknowledges Dr K Chandra Shekar for his help and encouragement.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 508284, India

    G Narender

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, 500085, India

    E Ramjee

  3. Defence Materials and Stores R&D Establishment (DMSRDE), Defence Research and Development Organisation, Kanpur, 208013, India

    N Eswara Prasad

Authors
  1. G Narender
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E Ramjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N Eswara Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G Narender.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Narender, G., Ramjee, E. & Prasad, N.E. In-plane anisotropy and tensile deformation behaviour of aluminium alloy AA 2014 forge plates. Sādhanā 44, 22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0994-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0994-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation