Abstract
The present investigation elucidated the influence of nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of water-based CuO, TiO2 and ZnO nanofluids. All the nanoparticles used in the present study were synthesised using the chemical co-precipitation method and their structural and morphological features were explored by XRD and FESEM techniques, respectively. The investigated fluids were prepared using the two-step method by dispersing 0.1–0.5 wt% nanoparticles in distilled water. The thermal conductivities of all the nanofluids were determined in the temperature range of 30–70°C and viscosity in the range of 300–360 K. The experimental study demonstrated that the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluids depend on volume fraction and temperature. The dynamic viscosity and the thermal conductivity of all the nanofluids increased with the increase in the volume concentration of solid particles. The viscosity decreased and thermal conductivity increased with an increase in temperatures. When the three nanofluids are compared at the specified temperature range, CuO nanofluids showed higher thermal conductivity of 0.5856–0.6332 W\({/}\)mK for 0.1 wt% and 0.6476–0.7465 W\({/}\)mK for 0.5 wt% volume concentration and better viscosity than TiO2 and ZnO nanofluids. The obtained experimental data were compared with some existing thermal conductivity and viscosity models. While comparing the thermal conductivity models, the P Bhattacharya model showed good agreement, whereas no viscosity model agrees with the experimental results. Thus, the obtained results of the prepared nanofluids are useful for conducting further studies in nanofluids.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P Kumar, D Chaudhary, P Varshney, U Varshney, S Yahya and Y Rafat, J. Energy Storage 32, 102003 (2020)
J Gangwar, B Gupta and A Srivastava, Def. Sci. J. 66, 323 (2016)
O Arthur and M Karim, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55, 739 (2016)
D Devendiran and V Amirtham, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 60, 21 (2016)
S Rashidi, O Mahian and E Languri, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 131, 2027 (2018)
K Wong and O De Leon, Adv. Mech. Eng. 2, 519659 (2010)
A Prasad, D Singh and D Nagar, Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov. Ideas. Educ. 3, 3185 (2017)
X Wang, X Xu and S Choi, J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. 13, 474 (1999)
N Sidik, M Yazid and R Mamat, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 68, 85 (2015)
A Kumar and S Subudhi, Appl. Therm. Eng. 160, 114092 (2019)
M Haque, R Bakar, K Kadirgama, M Noor and M Shakaib, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 10, 1778 (2016)
E Okonkwo, I Wole-Osho, I Almanassra, Y Abdullatif and T Al-Ansari, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 145, 2817 (2021)
M Rafiq, M Shafique, A Azam and M Ateeq, Ain Shams Eng. J. 12, 555 (2021)
M Liu, M Lin and C Wang, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6, 1 (2011)
A Tiwari, P Ghosh and J Sarkar, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 3, 221 (2013)
M Bahiraei and S Heshmatian, Energy Convers. Manag. 172, 438 (2018)
D Kulkarni, R Vajjha, D Das and D Oliva, Appl. Therm. Eng. 28, 1774 (2008)
Y Li, S Tung, E Schneider and S Xi, Powder Technol. 196, 89 (2009)
S Chakraborty and P Panigrahi, Appl. Therm. Eng. 174, 115259 (2020)
J Philip, P Shima and B Raj, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 043108 (2008)
S Kim, S Choi and D Kim, J. Heat Tranf. 129, 298 (2007)
K Suganthi and K Rajan, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 76, 226 (2017)
V Kumaresan and R Velraj, Thermochim. Acta 545, 180 (2012)
M Nazari, R Ghasempour, M Ahmadi, G Heydarian and M Shafii, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 91, 90 (2018)
J C A Maxwell, A treatise an electricity and magnetism 2nd Edn (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1881)
P Bhattacharya, S Saha, A Yadav, P Phelan and R Prasher, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6492 (2004)
C Nan, Z Shi and Y Lin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 375, 666 (2003)
E Timofeeva, A Gavrilov, J McCloskey and Y Tolmachev, Phys. Rev. 76, 061203 (2007)
A Einstein, Ann. der Phys. 19, 289 (1906)
H Brinkman, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 571 (1952)
G Batchelor, J. Fluid Mech. 83, 97 (1977)
I Mahbubul, S Rahman and M Amalina, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 55, 874 (2012)
S Mousavi, F Esmaeilzadeh and X Wang, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 137, 879 (2019)
N Bouazizi, R Bargougui, A Oueslati and R Benslama, Adv. Mater. Lett. 6, 158 (2015)
S Botewad, V Pahurkar, G Muley, D Gaikwad, G Bodkhe, M Shirsat and P Pawar, Front. Mater. 7, 184 (2020)
W Muhammad, N Ullah, M Haroon and B Abbasi, RSC Adv. 9, 29541 (2019)
J He, Y Du, Y Bai, J An, X Cai, Y Chen and Q Feng, Molecules 24, 2996 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Girhe, N.B., Botewad, S.N., More, C.V. et al. Development of water-based CuO, TiO2 and ZnO nanofluids and comparative study of thermal conductivity and viscosity. Pramana - J Phys 97, 68 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-023-02546-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-023-02546-9