Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using two bi-parental (parental cultivars Smooth Cayenne and MD-2) pineapple seedling populations segregating for spiny and spiny-tip leaf margin and 12 wild and pre-Columbian domesticated genotypes were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and silicoDArT markers associated with the spiny-tip leaf margin phenotype in pineapple. One QTL between the nucleotide positions 14,355,639 and 14,368,806 on linkage group six (LG06) was identified using SNP markers and one QTL between the nucleotide positions 14,330,844 and 14,346,378 using silicoDArT markers. GWAS and QTL analysis methods identified the same most significantly associated SNP and silicoDArT markers. The most significantly associated SNP and silicoDArT markers were positioned at 14,355,639 and 14,341,745 bp respectively, on or very near, a zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) gene, a key gene in the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway. Other associated genes with a high significance by GWAS analysis using at least two algorithms include a detoxification 33-like (DTX) and a resistance gene analog (RGA2-like). It is proposed that a polymorphism in the putative ZEP gene is the main causal variant associated with the spiny-tip leaf margin in ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple and its descendants including ‘MD-2’.
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Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- BLAST:
-
Basic local alignment search tool
- CLV:
-
Clavata
- DArT:
-
Diversity Arrays Technology
- DTX:
-
Detoxification
- ECMLM:
-
Enriched compressed mixed linear model
- EMMA:
-
Efficient mixed model association
- ERf:
-
ERECTA family
- FarmCPU:
-
Fixed and random model circulating probability unification
- FPKM:
-
Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads
- FTIP:
-
FT-interacting protein
- GA:
-
Gibberellic acid
- GATL:
-
Galacturonosyltransferase-like
- GAUT:
-
Galacturonosyltransferase
- GWAS:
-
Genome wide association study
- KNNi:
-
k-nearest neighbour imputation
- KNOX:
-
KNOTTED-like homeobox
- LD:
-
Linkage disequilibrium
- LG:
-
Linkage group
- LRR:
-
Leucine-rich repeat
- MAF:
-
Minor allele frequency
- MATE:
-
Multi-drug and toxic extrusion
- MLMM:
-
Multi-locus mixed linear model
- MT:
-
Microtubule
- MVP:
-
Memory-efficient, Visualization-enhanced, and Parallel-accelerated Tool for Genome-Wide Association Study
- NBS-LRR:
-
Nucleotide binding site – Leucine rich repeat
- P3D:
-
Population parameters previously determined
- PGD:
-
Pineapple Genomics Database
- QQ plot:
-
Quantile-Quantile plot
- QTL:
-
Quantitative trait loci
- RGA:
-
Resistance Gene Analog
- SAM:
-
Shoot apical meristem
- SK13:
-
Shaggy-like kinase 13
- SNP:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphism
- SUPER:
-
Settlement of MLM under progressively exclusive relationship
- TBCC:
-
Tubulin binding cofactor
- TPR:
-
Tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
- WUS:
-
Wuschel
- ZEP:
-
Zeaxanthin epoxidase
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank D. Innes and K. O’Connor and the reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
Funding
The project was funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Pty Ltd. (Hort Innovation) using voluntary contributions from the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and matched funds from the Australian Government.
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Electronic Supplementary Material
Fig. S1
Linkage decay curve for LG06. A Loess curve line is shown in pink. The LD decay distance is the point where the X axis corresponds with 50% of the vertical fitted curve maximum as shown. (PNG 1474 kb)
Fig. S2
Linkage haploblocks for LG06 (Haploview 4.2). The pink bar covers the significantly associated loci and up to 300 kb either side of SNP positions (13.6–14.7 Mb). R2 = 1 (black), 0 < r2 < 1 (shades of grey), r2 = 0 (white). (PNG 626 kb)
Fig. S3
Haploblocks for the significantly associated region on LG06 (Haploview 4.2). R2 = 1 (black), 0 < r2 < 1 (shades of grey), r2 = 0 (white). Matched, significantly associated SNP markers are surrounded by a coloured frame. (PNG 1327 kb)
Fig. S4
Principal components bi-plot for SNP markers (TASSEL 5). The different coloured symbols indicate the different genotype groups. M × C = ‘MD-2’♀ × ‘Smooth Cayenne’♂; C × M = ‘Smooth Cayenne’♀ × ‘MD-2’♂. (PNG 197 kb)
Figs S5
A and B Scree plots (eigenvalues) for SNPs (A) and silicoDArTs (B). The number of principal components used in the analyses are indicated. (PNG 130 kb)
Table S1
Linkage estimate matrix (r2 and D′) for significant, matched SNPs (Haploview 4.2). D′ values are above the diagonal and r2 below. (DOCX 15 kb)
Table S2
Nucleotide sequences for all significantly associated SNPs (trimmed sequences) using three algorithms in GAPIT. Both the reference and SNP sequences are shown. (DOCX 17 kb)
Table S3
Nucleotide sequences for all significantly associated silicoDArT (trimmed sequences) using three algorithms in GAPIT. (DOCX 13 kb)
Table S4
Predominant allele states for only the most highly significant and matched SNP markers in two seedling populations, the two spiny-tip parent cultivars, MD-2 and Smooth Cayenne and ten other unrelated genotypes. The allele states for SNPs are before imputation of null alleles. The ‘Smooth Cayenne’ genome was used as the reference for markers calls. -Log10P is from ECMLM analysis unless only significant using other algorithms; then it relates to MLMM preferentially. Correct, unambiguous allele states according to the seedling data are coloured similarly (spiny yellow; spiny-tip green). Wild, primitive genotypes are coloured blue in the header and pre-Columbian domesticates are coloured pink except for the two parents which are not coloured. 0 = homozygous reference allele; 1 = homozygous SNP allele; 2 = heterozygous. Redsp = Red Spanish, Roxo = Roxo de Tefe, Parg = Parguazensis, F19 = FRF19, F361 = FRF361, F223 = FRF223 and macro = A. macrodontes. (DOCX 17 kb)
Table S5
Predominant allele states for only the most highly significant and matched silicoDArT markers in two seedling populations, the two spiny-tip parent cultivars, MD-2 and Smooth Cayenne and ten other unrelated genotypes. The ‘Smooth Cayenne’ genome was used as the reference for markers calls. -Log10P is from ECMLM analysis unless only significant using other algorithms; then it relates to MLMM preferentially. Correct, unambiguous allele states according to the seedling data are coloured similarly (spiny yellow; spiny-tip green). Wild, primitive genotypes are coloured blue in the header and pre-Columbian domesticates are coloured pink except for the two parents which are not coloured. 0 = absent; 1 = present. Redsp = Red Spanish, Roxo = Roxo de Tefe, Parg = Parguazensis, F19 = FRF19, F361 = FRF361, F223 = FRF223 and macro = A. macrodontes. (DOCX 14 kb)
Table S6
RNAseq data (FPKM) for genes with a strong positive co-expression with zeaxanthin epoxidase (Aco08515.1) from the Pineapple Genomics Database website of Zhang and Ming (2018) (http://pineapple.angiosperms.org/pineapple/html/index.html) as cited by Xu et al. (2018). Data is a mean of eight samples from cultivar MD-2. Leaf tissues progress from the base to the tip such that S1 = basal white, S2 = white, S3 = white/green, S4 = proximal mid-leaf green, S5-distal mid-leaf green and S6 = tip. Only genes with a positive Pearson correlation of ≥0.8 are shown. (DOCX 26 kb)
Table S7
RNAseq data (FPKM) for genes with a strong negative co-expression with zeaxanthin epoxidase (Aco08515.1) from the Pineapple Genomics Database website of Zhang and Ming (2018) (http://pineapple.angiosperms.org/pineapple/html/index.html) as cited by Xu et al. (2018). Data is a mean of eight samples from cultivar MD-2. Leaf tissues progress from the base to the tip such that S1 = basal white, S2 = white, S3 = white/green, S4 = proximal mid-leaf green, S5-distal mid-leaf green and S6 = tip. Only genes with a negative Pearson correlation of ≤ −0.8 are shown. (DOCX 17 kb)
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Sanewski, G.M. DArTseq Molecular Markers Associated with the Spiny-Tip Leaf Margin in Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Tropical Plant Biol. 13, 91–116 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-019-09245-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-019-09245-z