Abstract
Lhx9 is an LIM (named for the first three proteins in which the domain was found, Lin-11, Isl1 and Mec-3) homeodomain protein involved in development and differentiation of the gonad. In this study, we isolated the full-length Lhx9 and Lhx9 α from Andrias davidianus, detected the tissue distribution and analysed the methylation of the promoters. We identified Lhx9 of 1411 bp and Lhx9 α of 1153-bp length, differing in the 3\(^{\prime }\)-flanking region, encoding 399 and 330 amino acids, respectively. The Lhx9 gene was detected primarily in liver, ovary and heart with moderate expression in brain, pituitary, intestine and spleen, and low expression in the remaining examined tissues, while Lhx9 α expression was high in heart, pituitary and liver, and low in spleen and stomach. Significantly higher Lhx9 expression was observed in ovary than in testis, with no differences in Lhx9 α expression between testis and ovary observed. Bisulphite sequencing revealed significantly higher methylation in testis compared to ovary. The methylation level of CpG sites –733, –673, –615 and –594 exhibited significantly higher levels in testis than in ovary, which was negatively correlated with Lhx9 expression. The methylation and expression patterns suggested that promoter methylation suppressed expression of Lhx9 in A. davidianus.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bach I., Carrière C., Ostendorff H. P., Andersen B. and Rosenfeld M. G. 1997 A family of LIM domain-associated cofactors confer transcriptional synergism between LIM and Otx homeodomain proteins. Genes Dev. 11, 1370–1380.
Bach I., Rodriguez-Esteban C., Carrière C., Bhushan A., Krones A., Rose D. W. et al. 1999 RLIM inhibits functional activity of LIM homeodomain transcription factors via recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex. Nat. Genet. 22, 394–399.
Barske L. A. and Capel B. 2010 Estrogen represses SOX9 during sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle Trachemys scripta. Dev. Biol. 341, 305–314.
Bertuzzi S., Porter F. D., Pitts A., Kumar M., Agulnick A., Wassif C. et al. 1999 Characterization of Lhx9, a novel LIM/homeobox gene expressed by the pioneer neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex. Mech. Dev. 81, 193–198.
Birk O. S., Casiano D. E., Wassif C. A., Cogliati T., Zhao L., Zhao Y. et al. 2000 The LIM homeobox gene Lhx9 is essential for mouse gonad formation. Nature 403, 909–913.
Bieser K. L., Wibbels T., Mourad G. and Paladino F. 2013 The cloning and expression analysis of Lhx9 during gonadal sex differentiation in the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 320, 238–246.
Dawid I. B. and Chitnis A. B. 2001 Lim homeobox genes and the CNS: a close relationship. Neuron 30, 301–303.
Eckhardt F., Lewin J., Cortese R., Rakyan V. K., Attwood J., Burger M. et al. 2006 DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22. Nat. Genet. 38, 1378–1385.
Failli V., Rogard M., Mattei M. G., Vernier P. and Rétaux S. 2000 Lhx9 and Lhx9 α LIM-homeodomain factors: genomic structure, expression patterns, chromosomal localization, and phylogenetic analysis. Genomics 64, 307–317.
Hobert O. and Westphal H. 2000 Functions of LIM-homeobox genes. Trends Genet. 16, 75–83.
Hu Q. M., Zhu Y., Liu Y., Wang N. and Chen S. L. 2014 Cloning and characterization of wnt4a gene and evidence for positive selection in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Sci. Rep. 4, 7167.
Illingworth R., Kerr A., Desousa D., Jørgensen H., Ellis P., Stalker J. et al. 2008 A novel CpG island set identifies tissue-specific methylation at developmental gene loci. PLoS Biol. 6, e22.
Jurkowska R. Z. and Jeltsch A. 2010 Silencing of gene expression by targeted DNA methylation: concepts and approaches. Methods Mol. Biol. 649, 149–161.
Li F., Papworth M., Minczuk M., Rohde C., Zhang Y., Ragozin S. et al. 2007 Chimeric DNA methyltransferases target DNA methylation to specific DNA sequences and repress expression of target genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 100–112.
Martinowich K., Hattori D., Wu H., Fouse S., He F., Hu Y. et al. 2003 DNA methylation-related chromatin remodeling in activity-dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 302, 890–893.
Mollé B., Père S., Failli V., Bach I. and Rétaux S. 2004 Lhx9 and Lhx9 α: differential biochemical properties and effects on neuronal differentiation. DNA Cell Biol. 23, 761–768.
Navarro-Martín L., Viñas J., Ribas L., Díaz N., Gutiérrez A., Di Croce L. et al. 2011 DNA methylation of the gonadal aromatase (cyp19a) promoter is involved in temperature-dependent sex ratio shifts in the European sea bass. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002447.
Oréal E., Mazaud S., Picard J. Y., Magre S. and Carré-Eusèbe D. 2002 Different patterns of anti-Müllerian hormone expression, as related to DMRT1, SF-1, WT1, GATA-4, Wnt-4, and Lhx9 expression, in the chick differentiating gonads. Dev. Dyn. 225, 221–232.
Oshima Y., Noguchi K. and Nakamura M. 2007 Expression of Lhx9 isoforms in the developing gonads of Rana rugosa. Zool. Sci. 24, 798–802.
Pamnani M., Sinha P., Nara S. and Sachan M. 2014 Study of promoter DNA methylation of Sox11 and its correlation with tissue-specific expression in the laboratory mouse. Gene 552, 133–139.
Ramsey M., Shoemaker C. and Crews D. 2007 Gonadal expression of SF-1 and aromatase during sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination. Differentiation 75, 978–991.
Smith C. A. and Sinclair A. H. 2004 Sex determination: insights from the chicken. Bioessays 26, 120–132.
Turek-Plewa J. and Jagodziński P. P. 2005 The role of mammalian DNA methyltransferases in the regulation of gene expression. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 10, 631–647.
Vladimirova V., Mikeska T., Waha A., Soerensen N., Xu J., Reynolds P. C. et al. 2009 Aberrant methylation and reduced expression of LHX9 in malignant gliomas of childhood. Neoplasia 11, 700–711.
Wilson S. I., Shafer B., Lee K. J. and Dodd J. 2008 A molecular program for contralateral trajectory: Rig-1 control by LIM homeodomain transcription factors. Neuron 59, 413–424.
Wilhelm D. and Englert C. 2002 The Wilms tumor suppressor WT1 regulates early gonad development by activation of SF-1. Genes Dev. 16, 1839–1851.
Wallace H., Badawy G. M. and Wallace B. M. 1999 Amphibian sex determination and sex reversal. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 55, 901–909.
Wen A. Y., You F., Sun P., Li J., Xu D. D., Wu Z. H. et al. 2014 CpG methylation of dmrt1 and cyp19a promoters in relation to their sexual dimorphic expression in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J. Fish Biol. 84, 193–205.
Zhou Z. Y., Geng Y., Liu X. X., Ren S. Y., Zhou Y., Wang K. Y. et al. 2013 Characterization of a ranavirus isolated from the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus, Blanchard, 1871) in China. Aquaculture 384–387, 66–73.
Zhu R., Chen Z. Y., Wang J., Yuan J. D., Liao X. Y., Gui J. F. et al. 2014 Extensive diversification of MHC in Chinese giant salamanders Andrias davidianus (Anda-MHC) reveals novel splice variants. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 42, 311–322.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (31502155), National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (2015JBFM40) and rare aquatic breeding and protection technology research (201203086).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
[Hu Q., Tian H., Meng Y. and Xiao H. 2016 Characterization and tissue distribution of Lhx9 and Lhx9 α in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus. J. Genet. 95, xx–xx]
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
HU, Q., TIAN, H., MENG, Y. et al. Characterization and tissue distribution of Lhx9 and Lhx9 α in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus . J Genet 95, 683–690 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-016-0685-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-016-0685-3