References
Acharya R. M. 1982 Sheep and goat breeds of India, pp. 1–190. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 30. FAO, Rome, Italy.
APHIS 2001 APHIS activities. Animal and plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA.
Arsac J. N., Andreoletti O., Bilheude J. M., Lacroux C., Benestad S. L. and Baron T. 2007 Similar biochemical signatures and prion protein genotypes in atypical scrapie and Nor98 cases, France and Norway. Emerg. Infect. Dise. 13, 58.
Baylis M. and Goldmann W. 2004 The genetics of scrapie in sheep and goats. Curr. Mol. Med. 4, 385–396.
Baylis M., Goldmann W., Houston F., Cairns D., Chong A., Ross A., et al. 2002 Scrapie epidemic in a fully PrP-genotyped sheep flock. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2907–2914.
Belt P. B., Muileman I. H., Schreuder B. E., Bos-de Ruijter J., Gielkens A. L. and Smits M. A. 1995 Identification of five allelic variants of the sheep PrP gene and their association with natural scrapie. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 509–17.
Benestad S. L., Sarradin P., Thu B., Schönheit J., Tranulis M. A. and Bratberg B. 2003 Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet. Rec. 153, 202–208.
Billinis C., Psychas V., Leontides L., Spyrou V., Argyroudis S., Vlemmas I., et al. 2004 Prion protein gene polymorphisms in healthy and scrapie-affected sheep in Greece. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 547–554.
Columbus C. 2004 Mad cow and other maladies: update on emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent.) 17, 411–417.
Elsen J. M., Amigues Y., Schelcher F., Ducrocq V., Andreoletti O., Eychenne F., et al. 1999 Genetic susceptibility and transmission factors in scrapie: detailed analysis of an epidemic in a closed flock of Romanov. Arch. Virol. 144, 431–445.
Ewing B. and Green P. 1998 Base-calling of automated DNA sequencer traces using PHRED.II. Error probabilities. Gen. Res. 8, 186–194.
Ewing B., Hillier L., Wendl M. C. and Green P. 1998 Base-calling of automated DNA sequencer traces using PHRED. I. Accuracy statement. Gen. Res. 8, 175–185.
Hadlow W. J. 1999 Reflections on the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Vet. Pathol. 36, 523–529.
Hunter N. 1997 Molecular biology and genetics of scrapie in sheep. In The genetics of sheep, pp. 225–240. (ed. L. Piper and A. Ruvinsky). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Hunter N., Goldmann W., Smith G. and Hope J. 1994 The association of a codon 136 PrP gene variant with the occurrence of natural scrapie. Arch. Virol. 137, 171–177.
Hunter N., Foster J. D., Goldmann W., Stear M. J., Hope J. and Bostock C. 1996 Natural scrapie in a closed flock of Cheviot sheep occurs only in specific PrP genotypes. Arch. Virol. 141, 809–824.
Hunter N., Moore L., Hosie B. D., Dingwall W. S. and Greig A. 1997 Association between natural scrapie and PrP genotype in a flock of Suffolk sheep in Scotland. Vet. Rec. 140, 59–63.
Jain A., Gour D. S., Bisen P. S., Dubey P. P., Sharma D. K., Joshi B. K. and Kumar D. K 2009 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in alpha-lactalbumin gene of Indian Jamunapari breed of Capra hircus. Small Rumin. Res. 82, 156–160.
Kumar D., Sharma R. P. A. K., Gour D. S., Malik G., Ahlawat S. P. S. and Jain A. 2007 Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Indian Bellary sheep by microsatellite markers. Russ. J. Genet. 43, 996–1005.
McGowan J. P. 1922 Scrapie in sheep. Scott. J. Agric. 5, 365–375.
Prusiner S. B. 1982 Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 216, 136–144.
Prusiner S. B. 1991 Molecular biology of prion diseases. Science 14, 1515–1522.
Prusiner S. B. 1998 Prions. Proce. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 13363–13383 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13363).
Razen S. and Skaletsky H. J. 2000 Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In Bioinformatics methods and protocols: methods in molecular biology (S. Krawetz and S. Misener), pp. 365–386. Human Press, Towota, USA.
Sambrook J. and Russell D. W. 2001 Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd edition, Cold spring Harbour Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbour, New York, USA.
Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F. and Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press., Cold Spring Harbour, New York, USA.
Tranulis M. A., Osland A., Bratberg B. and Ulvund M. J. 1999 Prion protein gene polymorphisms in sheep with natural scrapie and healthy controls in Norway. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 1073–1077.
Vaccari G., D’Agostino C., Nonno R., Rosone F., Conte M., Di Bari M. A., et al. 2007 Prion protein alleles showing a protective effect on the susceptibility of sheep to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J. Virol. 81, 7306–7309.
Acknowledgements
We thank the farmers and veterinary officers who participated in our scrapie field study and Director, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India for the facilities provided for research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
[Choudhary S., Gupta N., Jethra G. and Gour D. S. 2015 Genetic evidence for susceptibility and resistance against scrapie in Indian sheep. J. Genet. 94, xx–xx]
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
CHOUDHARY, S., GUPTA, N., JETHRA, G. et al. Genetic evidence for susceptibility and resistance against scrapie in Indian sheep. J Genet 94, 129–133 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-015-0496-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-015-0496-y