Abstract
We conclude that composite linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures be adopted in population-based LD mapping or association mapping studies since it is unaffected by Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium. Although some properties of composite LD measures have been recently studied, the effects of genotyping errors on composite LD measures have not been examined. In this report, we derived deterministic formulas to evaluate the impact of genotyping errors on the composite LD measures \(\Delta^{\prime}_{AB}\) and r AB , and compared the robustness of \(\Delta^{\prime}_{AB} \) and r AB in the presence of genotyping errors. The results showed that \(\Delta^{\prime}_{AB} \) and r AB depend on the allele frequencies and the assumed error model, and show varying degrees of robustness in the presence of errors. In general, whether there is HWD or not, r AB is more robust than \(\Delta^{\prime}_{AB} \) except some special cases and the difference of robustness between \(\Delta^{\prime}_{AB} \) and r AB becomes less severe as the difference between the frequencies of two SNP alleles A and B becomes smaller.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akey J. M., Zhang K., Xiong M., Doris P. and Li J. 2001 The effect that genotyping errors have on the robustness of common linkage-disequilibrium measures. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 1447–1456.
Devlin B. and Risch N. 1995 A comparison of linkage disequilibrium measures for fine-scale mapping. Genomics 29, 311–322.
Hill W. G. and Weir B. S. 1994 Maximum likelihood estimation of gene location by linkage disequilibrium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54, 705–714.
Kaplan N. and Weir B. S. 1992 Expected behavior of conditional linkage disequilibrium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51, 333–343.
Levin M. L. and Bertell R. 1978 Re:‘simple estimation of population attributable risk from case-control studies.’ Am. J. Epidemiol. 108, 78–79.
Lewontin R. C. 1964 The interaction of selection and linkage. I. General considerations; heterotic models. Genetics 49, 49–67.
Olson J. M. and Wijsman E. M. 1994 Design and sample-size considerations in the detection of linkage disequilibrium with a disease locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55, 574–580.
Pritchard J. K. and Przeworski M. 2001 Linkage disequilibrium in humans: models and data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 1–14.
Schaid D. J. 2004 Linkage disequilibrium testing when linkage phase is unknown. Genetics 166, 505–512.
Stephens J. C., Schneider J. A., Tanguay D. A., Choi J., Acharya T., Stanley S. E. et al. 2001 Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes. Science 293, 489–493.
Weir B. S. 1979 Inferences about linkage disequilibrium. Biometrics 35, 235–254.
Weir B. S. and Cockerham C. 1979 Estimation of linkage disequilibrium in randomly mating populations. Heredity 42, 105–111.
Wittke-Thompson J. K., Pluzhnikov A. and Cox N. J. 2005 Rational inferences about departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76, 967–986.
Zaykin D. V. 2004 Bounds and normalization of the composite linkage disequilibrium coefficient. Genet. Epidemiol. 27, 252–257.
Zaykin D. V., Meng Zh and Ehm M. G. 2006 Contrasting linkage-disequilibrium patterns between cases and controls as a novel association-mapping method. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78, 737–746.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Li Y. M. and Xiang Y. 2011 The effect of genotyping errors on the robustness of composite linkage disequilibrium measures. J. Genet. 90, xx–xx
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
LI, Y.M., XIANG, Y. The effect of genotyping errors on the robustness of composite linkage disequilibrium measures. J Genet 90, 453–457 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-011-0110-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-011-0110-x