Abstract
This study explores variations and trends in dry/wet days and spells over Banas River basin during 1961–2020. For this, daily rainfall data acquired from Water Resources Department of Rajasthan, India have been utilised. The variations have been identified in relation to number (dry/wet days and spells), mean and maximum length of dry/wet spells. For identifying trends, Mann–Kendall (MK), innovative trend analysis (ITA) and Sen’s slope estimator tests have been executed, whereas change points have been detected with the help of Pettit, Buishand range, standard normal homogeneity and Neumann ratio tests. In Banas River basin, dry days have been found much higher (330 days) as compared to wet (35 days), while the number of dry/wet spells has been found almost identical (18). A decreasing trend in dry days has been detected, whereas wet days have increased. In addition, change point detection tests have detected 1993 as the year of noteworthy change in dry/wet days and spells, whereas most of the stations witnessed such change in 1995 and 2009. These results will be valuable for water resource and risk reduction managers in managing the risks of drought and flood over the Banas River basin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed K, Nawaz N, Khan N, Rasheed B and Baloch A 2021 Inhomogeneity detection in the precipitation series: A case of arid province of Pakistan; Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23 7176–7192.
Alexandersson H 1986 A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data; J. Climatol. 6 661–675.
Alexandersson H and Moberg A 1997 Homogenization of Swedish temperature data. Part I: Homogeneity test for linear trends; Int. J. Climatol. 17 25–34.
Anagnostopoulou C, Maheras P, Karacostas T and Vafiadis M 2003 Spatial and temporal analysis of dry spell in Greece; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 74 77–91.
Atal K R and Zende A M 2015 Wet and dry spell characteristics of semi-arid region, western Maharashtra, India; E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, The Hague, the Netherlands.
Bhardwaj P, Pattanaik D R and Singh O 2019 Tropical cyclone activity over Bay of Bengal in relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation; Int. J. Climatol. 39 5452–5469.
Bhatt S C 2005 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories; vol. 23. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.
Brunetti M, Caloiero T, Coscarelli R, Gullà G, Nanni T and Simolo C 2012 Precipitation variability and change in the Calabria region (Italy) from a high-resolution daily dataset; Int. J. Climatol. 32 57–73.
Buishand T A 1982 Some methods for testing the homogeneity of rainfall records; J. Hydrol. 58 11–27.
Caloiero T and Coscarelli R 2020 Analysis of the characteristics of dry and wet Spell in a Mediterranean Region; Environ. Pro. 7 1–11.
Caloiero T, Coscarelli R, Ferrari E and Sirangelo B 2018 Occurrence probabilities of wet and dry periods in southern Italy through the SPI evaluated on synthetic monthly precipitation series; Water 10 336.
Cannarozzo M, Noto L V and Viola F 2006 Spatial distribution of rainfall trends in Sicily 1921–2000; Phys. Chem. Earth 31 1201–1211.
Chahal M, Bhardwaj P and Singh O 2021 Exploring the trends and pattern of rainfall extremes over the semiarid Sahibi basin in Rajasthan, India; Arab. J. Geosci. 14 966.
Cindric K, Pasaric Z and Gajic-Capka M 2010 Spatial and temporal analysis of dry spells in Croatia; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 102 171–184.
Coscarelli R and Caloiero T 2012 Analysis of daily and monthly rainfall concentration in southern Italy (Calabria region); J. Hydrol. 416–417 145–156.
Dash S K, Jenamani R K, Kalsi S R and Panda S K 2007 Some evidence of climate change in twentieth-century India; Clim. Change 85 299–321.
Dash S K, Kulkarni M A, Mohanty U C and Prasad K 2009 Changes in the characteristics of rain events in India; J. Geophys. Res. 114 101–109.
Everard M, Sharma O P, Vishwakarma V K, Khandal D, Sahu Y K, Bhatnagar R, Singh J K, Kumar R, Nawab A, Kumar A, Kumar V, Kashyap A, Pandey D N and Pinder A C 2018 Assessing the feasibility of integrating ecosystem-based with engineered water resource governance and management for water security in semi-arid landscapes: A case study in the Banas catchment, Rajasthan, India; Sci. Total Environ. 612 1249–1265.
Fatima N and Javed A 2021 Assessment of land use land cover change detection using geospatial techniques in southeast Rajasthan; J. Geosci. Environ. Prot. 9 299–319.
Gaiha R, Hill K, Thapa G and Kulkarni V S 2015 Have natural disasters become deadlier; Sustain. Econ. Dev. 1 415–444.
Goswami B N, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanam M S and Xavier P K 2006 Increasing trends of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment; Science 314 1442–1445.
Guhathakurta P, Sreejith O P and Menon P A 2011 Impact of climate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India; J. Earth Syst. Sci. 12 359–373.
Ho M, Lall U and Cook E R 2018 How wet and dry spell evolve across the conterminous United States based on 555 years of paleoclimate data; J. Clim. 31 6633–6647.
Huang J, Liu F, Xue Y and Sun S 2015 The spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation concentration and dry spell in Qinghai, northwest China; Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk A 29 1403–1411.
Huang J, Chen X, Xue Y, Lin J and Zhang J 2017 Changing characteristics of wet/dry spell during 1961–2008 in Sichuan province, southwest China; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 127 129–141.
Hussain M S and Lee S 2014 Long-term variability and changes of the precipitation regime in Pakistan; Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci. 50 271–282.
Jain S K, Nayak P C, Singh Y and Chandniha S K 2017 Trends in rainfall and peak flows for some river basins in India; Curr. Sci. 112 1712–1726.
Jaiswal R, Lohani A and Tiwari H 2015 Statistical analysis for change detection and trend assessment in climatological parameters; Environ. Pro. 2 729–749.
Jakhar R, Singh G and Sachar P 2022 Impact of global warming on agricultural pattern: A case study of selected agricultural spaces in Rajasthan; Int. J. Mech. Eng. 7 5453–5463.
Kalyan S, Sharma D and Sharma A 2021 Spatio-temporal variation in desert vulnerability using desertification index over the Banas River Basin in Rajasthan, India; Arab. J. Geosci. 14 54.
Kang H M and Yusof F 2012 Homogeneity tests on daily rainfall series; Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sci. 7 9–22.
Kendall M G 1948 Rank correlation methods; Econometrica 28 181–183.
Kharol S K, Kaskaoutis D G, Badarinath K V S, Sharma A R and Singh R P 2013 Influence of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on atmospheric dynamics over the arid region of Rajasthan state, India; J. Arid Environ. 88 90–101.
Kiros G, Shetty A and Nandagiri L 2016 Analysis of variability and trends in rainfall over northern Ethiopia; Arab. J. Geosci. 9 451.
Kulkarni P P and Pardeshi S D 2019 Evaluation and interpolation of rainfall trends over the semi-arid upper Godavari basin; Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 131 1565–1576.
Kumar Y and Kumar A 2020 Spatiotemporal analysis of trend using nonparametric tests for rainfall and rainy days in Jodhpur and Kota zones of Rajasthan (India); Arab. J. Geosci. 13 691.
Kumar R and Yadav M K 2018 Impact of climate change and global warming in India; The Times of India, New Delhi.
Kundu A, Denis D M and Patel N R 2015 Evaluation of the meteorological drought over the Bundelkhand region using geospatial techniques; Clim. Change 1 418–424.
Kutiel H, Salinger J and Kingston D G 2020 Spatial and temporal characteristics of rain spell in New Zealand; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 142 329–348.
Li X, Meshgi A and Babovic V 2016 Spatio-temporal variation of wet and dry spell characteristics of tropical precipitation in Singapore and its association with ENSO; Int. J. Climatol. 36 4831–4846.
Li Z, Li Y, Shi X and Li J 2017 The characteristics of wet and dry spell for the diverse climate in China; Glob. Planet. Change 149 14–19.
Liao Y M, Chen D L and Xie Y 2012 Spatial and temporal distribution of dry spell in China; Acta Geogr. Sinica 67 321–336.
Mahala B K, Nayak B K and Mohanty P K 2015 Impacts of ENSO and IOD on tropical cyclone activity in the Bay of Bengal; Nat. Hazards 75 1105–1125.
Mann H B 1945 Non parametric tests against Trend; Econometrica 13 245–259.
Meena H M, Machiwal D, Santra P, Moharana P C and Singh D V 2019 Trends and homogeneity of monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall over arid region of Rajasthan, India; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 136 795–811.
Mehla K M, Kothari M, Singh P K, Bhakar S R and Yadav K K 2022 Assessment of water footprint for a few major crops in Banas River Basin of Rajasthan; J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 14 1264–1271.
Mishra A K and Singh V P 2011 Drought modeling – a review; J. Hydrol. 403 157–175.
Nabeel A and Athar H 2017 Classification of precipitation regimes in Pakistan using wet and dry spell; Int. J. Climatol. 38 2462–2477.
Perez-Sanchez J and Senent-Aparicio J 2018 Analysis of meteorological droughts and dry spells in semiarid regions: a comparative analysis of probability distribution functions in the Segura Basin (SE Spain); Theor. Appl. Climatol. 133 1061–1074.
Pettit A N 1979 A non-parametric approach to the change-point detection; Appl. Stat. 28 126–135.
Pingale S M, Khare D, Jat M K and Adamowski J 2014 Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India; Atmos. Res. 138 73–90.
Pradhan R K, Sharma D, Panda S K and Sharma A 2019 Changes of precipitation regime and its indices over Rajasthan state of India: Impact of climate change scenarios experiments; Clim. Dyn. 52 3405–3420.
Purnadurga G, Lakshmi K T V, Rao K K and Rajasekhar M 2018 Investigation of temperature changes over India in association with meteorological parameters in a warming climate; Int. J. Climatol. 38 867–877.
Raju B M K, Rao K V, Venketewarlu B, Rao A V M S, Ramrao C A, Rao V U M, Bapujirao B, Kumar R N, Dhakar R, Swapna N and Latha P 2013 Revisiting climatic classification in India: A district level analysis; Curr. Sci. 105 492–495.
Ratan R and Venugopal V 2013 Wet and dry spell characteristics of global tropical rainfall; Water Recour. Res. 49 3830–3384.
Rysman J F, Verrier S, Lemaitre Y and Moreau E 2013 Space-time variability of the rainfall over the western Mediterranean region: A statistical analysis; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 8448–8459.
Saini D, Bhardwaj P and Singh O 2022 Recent rainfall variability over Rajasthan, India; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 148 363–381.
Sen P K 1968 Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau; J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 63 1379–1389.
Şen Z 2011 Innovative trend analysis methodology; J. Hydrol. Eng. 17 1042–1046.
Serra C, Burgueno A, Martinez M D and Lana X 2006 Trends in dry spell across Catalonia (NE Spain) during the second half of the 20th century; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 85 165–183.
Sharma G, Thomas T and Singh R M 2021 Comparison and contrasts in rainfall and drought characteristics in the Chambal basin in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan; J. Water Clim. Change 12 3932–3957.
Singh R B and Kumar A 2015 Climate variability and water resource scarcity in dryland of Rajasthan, India; Geoenv. Disasters 2 7.
Singh N and Ranade A 2010 The wet and dry spell across India during 1951–2007; J. Hydrometeorol. 11 26–45.
Singh P, Kumar V, Thomas T and Arora M 2008 Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in different river basins in the northwest and central India; Hydrol. Process. 22 2982–2992.
Singh D, Tsiang M, Rajaratnam B and Diffenbaugh N S 2014 Observed changes in extreme wet and dry spell during the South Asian summer monsoon season; Nat. Clim. Change 4 456–461.
Singh O, Kasana A, Singh K P and Sarangi A 2020 Analysis of drivers of trends in groundwater levels under rice-wheat ecosystem in Haryana, India; Nat. Resour. Res. 29 1101–1126.
Sirangelo B, Caloiero T, Coscarelli R and Ferrari E 2017 Stochastic analysis of long dry spell in Calabria (Southern Italy); Theor. Appl. Climatol. 127 711–724.
Sisman E 2019 Piecewise wet and dry spell duration-number relationship and possible climate change impact identification in Turkey; Arab. J. Geosci. 12 787.
Swain M, Pattanayak S and Mohanty U C 2018 Characteristics of occurrence of heavy rainfall events over Odisha during summer monsoon season; Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 82 17.
Usman M T and Reason C J C 2004 Dry spell frequencies and their variability over southern Africa; Clim. Res. 26 199–211.
Vaheddoost B and Aksoy H 2017 Structural characteristics of annual precipitation in Lake Urmia basin; Theor. Appl. Climatol. 128 919–932.
Vezzoli R, Pecore S, Zenoni E and Tonelli F 2012 Data analysis to detect inhomogeneity, change points, trends in observations: An application to Po River discharge extremes; Central Euro-Mediterraneo Sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Research Papers, RP0138.
Von Neumann J 1941 Distribution of the ratio of the mean square successive difference to the variance; Ann. Math. Stat. 13 367–395.
Xie Y G and Fu Q 2004 Analysis of famines caused by heavy floods and droughts in China; Nat. Sci. 2 25–32.
Xu Z, Li J Y and Liu C M 2007 Long-term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin; Hydrol. Process. 21 1935–1948.
Ye H 2018 Changes in duration of dry and wet spell associated with air temperatures in Russia; Environ. Res. Lett. 13 034036.
Yesilırmak E and Atatanır L 2017 Spatial and temporal patterns of dry spell in western Turkey; Environ. Earth Sci. 76 594.
Zende M A and Bhagawati P B 2021 Dry spell and wet spell characterisation of Nandani River basin western Maharashtra, India; In: Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource, pp. 9–18.
Zolina O, Simmer C, Belyaev K, Sergey K, Gulev S and Koltermann P 2013 Changes in the duration of European wet and dry spell during the last 60 years; J. Clim. 26 2022–2047.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DS reviewed literature, analysed data, prepared tables, figures and initial draft. JS gave suggestions and modified the draft. OS proposed and supervised this research. He improved the final draft of manuscript. All the authors contributed significantly and duly approved this work.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by George Mathew
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saini, D., Sharma, J. & Singh, O. Variations and trends in dry/wet days and spells over Banas River Basin, Rajasthan (India). J Earth Syst Sci 132, 174 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02165-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02165-3