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Carbonaceous material in Larji–Rampur window, Himachal Himalaya: Carbon isotope compositions, micro Raman spectroscopy and implications

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Abstract

This work focuses on the natural graphitic carbonaceous material (GCM) distributed in metasedimentary and crystalline rocks in and around Larji–Rampur tectonic window, Himachal Himalaya. The GCM, associated with the ore mineralization, is mostly flaky, however, it is also granular and amorphous. The micro Raman spectroscopy of representative samples confirms that the studied GCM is mostly disordered graphite and rarely poorly ordered graphite, but well crystalline ordered graphite is also present. The carbon isotope compositions reflecting the source of carbon in GCM at various locations attribute that the carbon was mostly sedimentary organic carbon which has been metamorphosed to disordered graphite, however, the δ13C of the inorganic carbon contents in metabasalts from Bhallan signify the involvement of fluid possibly derived from the mantle. Limited δ13Cinorganic data in a range from 0 to −11‰, points to the heavier carbon probably derived from the diagenetic carbonates or dissolved organic matter. Overall, the carbon isotope compositions of GCM from the Larji–Rampur window reflect diversity in carbon source and mixing of carbon reservoirs, which can adequately be explained by the Proterozoic marine carbon cycling. A close linkage in the depositional processes of GCM with ore mineralization in the area is also invoked.

Research Highlights

  • The graphitic carbonaceous material (GCM) is present in and around Larji–Rampur tectonic window, Himachal Himalaya, at places associated with ore mineralization.

  • Micro Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence that this GCM is mostly disordered graphite though the ordered graphite is also present uncommonly.

  • The δ13C values vary widely from –1.5‰ to –33.5‰. The δ13C compositions are heterogeneous and complex carbon systematics is apparent. In addition to the predominant sedimentary organic carbon form Proterozoic marine carbon, it was also derived from carbonate source, carbon from the fluids, and rarely but possibly from the mantle source.

  • A close linkage in the formation and evolution processes of the GCM with the ore mineralization is also invoked.

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Figure 1
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source of carbon for higher δ13C values is carbonates and/or mantle carbon. Range of carbon isotopic variations in selected fluid deposited and metamorphosed graphite occurrences are also shown (modified after Luque et al. 2012). (For the data of various other areas shown in the figure, the readers are referred to Sharma and Rawat 2011; Sanyal et al. 2009 and Luque et al. 2012).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Director, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology for providing facilities for this work. This paper is Wadia Institute contribution number: WIHG/0092. SR gratefully acknowledge the Research Fellowship from Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun. We thank the editor, Dr Rajneesh Bhutani and the two anonymous reviewers for constructive reviews.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33, General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun, 248 001, India

    Shruti Rana & Rajesh Sharma

  2. Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India

    Santosh Kumar

Authors
  1. Shruti Rana
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  2. Rajesh Sharma
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  3. Santosh Kumar
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SR and RS have carried out the field work, laboratory studies and prepared the manuscript. SK has discussed the research work and contributed in improving the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rajesh Sharma.

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Communicated by Rajneesh Bhutani

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Rana, S., Sharma, R. & Kumar, S. Carbonaceous material in Larji–Rampur window, Himachal Himalaya: Carbon isotope compositions, micro Raman spectroscopy and implications. J Earth Syst Sci 130, 239 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01732-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01732-w

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