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Investigation of hydrological drought using Cumulative Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI 30) in the eastern Mediterranean region (Damascus, Syria)

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Abstract

The Eastern Mediterranean region has been exposed to drought episodes, which have been occurring more frequently during the last decades. The objective of the present paper is to study the precipitation regime of the Damascus (Mazzeh) meteoric station by analysing drought characteristics using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and comparing this with the drought in Cyprus. The cumulative drought conceptis proposed to characterize long-term hydrologic drought, which affects the shallow groundwater productivity in terms of quantity and quality. Gamma probability distribution was fitted to the long-term annual precipitation in Damascus from 1918–1919 to 2007–2008 (n = 90 years). Generally, a decreasing trend of 17% to the mean annual rainfall of Damascus and 13% to the mean annual rainfall of Cyprus was estimated between 1970 and 2000. The SPI identifies three major extended drought periods: (1) 9 years of severe drought (1954–1963) with an average 20% precipitation deficit per year compared to the mean. (2) 8 years of severe drought (1983–1991) with a 27% deficit per year on average. (3) 9 years of extreme drought (1993–2002) with a 31% deficit per year on average. The cumulative standardized precipitation index (SPI 30) demonstrates positive values for the first period and is indicative of having no effect on the global water balance. SPI 30 exhibits sensitive equilibrium with near zero values / a near zero value (±1.5) for the second period. For the third period, however, the SPI 30 decreases below −10 indicating an extreme hydrological drought that has negative consequences on the recent groundwater recharge. It is required to develop and implement a sustainable groundwater management strategy to reduce long-terms drought risks. Generally, the SPI 30 in Cyprus is parallel to that in Damascus with a 3–5 year delay. Thus, the central zone of the Eastern Mediterranean region is facing big challenges and has been suffering from three decades of moderate to severe hydrological drought (SPI 30=−5 to −10) causing a severe decrease in springs discharges of the region. Therefore, in order to reduce the climate change effects on water resources, it is necessary to adopt a sustainable proactive management plan during the frequent severe droughts.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. I Othman, Director General of Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), for his guidance and support. Thanks are due to Dr. E. Eaid, Director General of Meteorological Department, Damascus, Syria for the valuable meteorological information. The authors would also like to thank Associate Editor of JESS, Prof. Subimal Ghosh and the reviewers for their constructive and valuable comments and suggestions. Finally, thanks to the colleagues in Geology Department (AECS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria.

    BOULOS ABOU ZAKHEM & BASSAM KATTAA

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  1. BOULOS ABOU ZAKHEM
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  2. BASSAM KATTAA
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Correspondence to BOULOS ABOU ZAKHEM.

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Corresponding editor: Subimal Ghosh

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ZAKHEM, B.A., KATTAA, B. Investigation of hydrological drought using Cumulative Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI 30) in the eastern Mediterranean region (Damascus, Syria). J Earth Syst Sci 125, 969–984 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0703-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0703-0

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