Abstract
This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in Kıbrıscık, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Çamlıdere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and Kıbrıscık coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aziz A 1976 Beypazarı, Yeni Çayırhan ve Karaköy arasındaki sahanın jeolojisi ve bitümlü şist olanakları; MTA Raporu Derleme No. 5732.
Blumenthal M 1941 Bolu civarı ile Aağı Kızılırmak mecrası arasındaki Kuzey Anadolu silsilelerinin jeolojisi; MTA Seri B, No: 13.
Chaput E 1931 Notice explicative de la carte geologique au 1/135.000 de la region d’Ankara; Bull. Fac. Sc. Univ. İstanbul 7(3) 1–46.
Güleç N 1991 Crust-mantle interaction in western Turkey: implications from Sr and isotope geochemistry of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics; Geological Magazine 128 417–435.
Gündoğdu M N, Yalçın H, Temel A and Clauer N 1996 Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of zeolite deposits associated with borates in the Bigadiç, Emet and Kırka Neogene lacustrine basins, western Turkey; Mineralium Deposita 31 492–514.
İnci U 1991 Miocene alluvial fan-alkaline playa lignite-trona bearing deposits from an inverted basin in Anatolia: sedimentology and tectonic controls on deposition; Sedim. Geol. 71 73–97.
Milch L 1903 Die Ergussgesteine des Galatischen Andesitgebietes; Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 16 110–165.
Querol X, Alastuer A, Plana F, Lopez-Soler A, Tuncalı E, Toprak S, Ocakoğlu F and Koker A 1999 Coal geology and coal quality of the Miocene Muğla basin; Int. J. Coal Geol. 41 311–332.
Şener M, Şengüler İ and Kök M V 1995 Geological considerations for the economic evaluation of oil shale deposits in Turkey; Fuel 74 999–1003.
Şener M and Gündoğdu M N 1996 Geochemical and petrographic investigation of Himmetoğlu oil shale field, Göynük, Turkey; Fuel 75 1313–1322.
Şengör A M C 1980 Türkiye’nin neotektoniğinin esasları; TJK Publ.
Şengör A M C and Yılmaz Y 1981 Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach; Tectonophys. 75 181–241.
Şengör A M C, Görür N and Şaroğlu F 1985 Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey a case study; In: Strike-slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, (eds) K T Biddle and N Christie-Blick; Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min. Spec. Publ. (in honor of J C Crowell) 37 227–264.
Şengüler İ, Şener M, Kök M V 2000 Paleotemperature Analysis of Aliağa (İzmir, Turkey) Geothermal Field; Energy Sources 22(4) 357–363.
Taka M, Şener M and Gevrek A İ 2001 Seben-Gerede-Kıbrıscık (Bolu)-Beypazarı Çamlıdere-Güvem (Ankara) alanında yüzeylenen Üst Miyosen volkanitleri altındaki birimlerin enerji hammadde potansiyeli; MTA Raporu No. 10214.
Temel A and Gündoğdu M N 1996 Zeolite occurrences and the erionite-mesothelioma relationship in Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey; Mineralium Deposita 31 539–518.
Toprak S 1996 Determination of depositional environments and properties of coals located in the vicinity of Alpagut-Dodurga (Osmancık-Çorum) region; Ph.D. thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Türkecan A, Hepşen N, Papak İ, Akbaş B, Dinçel A, Karataş S, Özgür İ B, Akay E, Bedi Y, Sevin M, Mutlu G, Sevin D, Ünay E and Saraç G 1991 Seben-Gerede (Bolu), Güdül-Beypazarı (Ankara) ve Çerkeş-Orta-Kurunlu (Çankırı) yörelerinin jeoljisi ve volkanik kayaçlarm petrologjisi; MTA Raporu Derleme No. 9193.
Yılmaz Y 1989 An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of western Turkey; In: Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region (ed.) Şengör A M C (Hague: Kluwer) 159–189.
Whateley M K G and Tuncalı E 1995 Quality variations in the high sulphur lignite of the Neogene Beypazarı basin, central Anatolia, Turkey; International Journal of Coal Geology 27 131–151.
Whateley M K G, Querol X, Fernandez-Turiel J L and Tuncalı E 1996 Zeolites in Tertiary coal from the Çayırhan mine, Beypazarı, Turkey; Mineralium Deposita 31 529–538.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Şener, M. Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia, Turkey. J Earth Syst Sci 116, 125–135 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-007-0012-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-007-0012-8