Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated and identified from Godavari River across the mass gathering event

  • Published:
Journal of Biosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Kumbh Mela is considered the world’s largest mass gathering event (MGE). It represents a unique anthropogenic burden on the river ecosystem and may confer antimicrobial resistance among microbial communities. The present study explains the characterization of microbial isolates associated with Godavari River under the advent of the mass bathing event using culture dependent approach. The isolates were identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and ITS region. Further, the isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility against 22 antibiotics using disc diffusion method. A total of 63 bacterial and 21 fungal isolates were isolated under the temporal variation of the event. Kocuria and Staphylococcus were the most prevalent bacterial genera in the samples collected before and during the event, while Meyerozyma and Candida predominate among fungal communities. A group of antibiotics impeding the bacterial protein synthesis were found to be most effective against ≥67% of bacterial isolates. However, ≥37–67% of isolates could escape the action of inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Moreover, bacterial isolates belonging to genera Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium showed higher resistance towards the antibiotics. Observations from the current study suggest likely microbial taxa as targets to mitigate the waterborne infections during the MGE.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahammad ZS, Sreekrishnan TR, Hands CL, Knapp CW and Graham DW 2014 Increased waterborne bla NDM-1 resistance gene abundances associated with seasonal human pilgrimages to the upper ganges river. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 3014–3020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW and Lipman DJ 1990 Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215 403–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranwal A, Anand A, Singh R, Deka M, Paul A, Borgohain S and Roy N 2015 Managing the earth’s biggest mass gathering event and wash conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India). PLoS Curr. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC and Turck M 1966 Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45 493–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower CH, Mandal S, Hayer S, Sran M, Zehra A, Patel SJ, Kaur R, Chatterjee L, Mishra S, Das BR, Singh P, Singh R, Gill JPS and Laxminarayan R 2017 The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry chickens and variation according to farming practices in Punjab, India. Environ. Health Perspect. 125 077015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David S and Roy N 2016 Public health perspectives from the biggest human mass gathering on earth: Kumbh Mela, India. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 47 42–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dortet L, Legrand P, Soussy CJ and Cattoir V 2006 Bacterial identification, clinical significance, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Acinetobacter ursingii and Acinetobacter schindleri, two frequently misidentified opportunistic pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 4471–4478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhart S, Loock A, Skutlarek D, Sagunski H, Lommel A, Färber H and Exner M 2002 Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 3886–3890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fewtrell L and Kay D 2015 Recreational Water and Infection: A Review of Recent Findings. Curr. Envir. Health Rpt. 2 85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandra S, Joshi J, Trett A, Lamkang AS, and Laxminarayan R. 2017. Scoping Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in India. Washington, DC: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Retrieved from https://cddep.org/publications/scoping-report-antimicrobial-resistance-india/

  • Gothwal R and Shashidhar T 2017 Occurrence of high levels of fluoroquinolonesin aquatic environment due to effluent discharges from bulk drug manufacturers. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 21 05016003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hays JN 2005 Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, CA, pp 214–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Jani K, Ghattargi V, Pawar S, Inamdar M, Shouche Y and Sharma A 2018a Anthropogenic activities induce depletion in microbial communities at urban sites of the river Ganges. Curr. Microbiol. 75 79–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jani K, Khare K, Senik S, Karodi P, Vemuluri VR, Bandal J, Shouche Y, Rale V and Sharma A 2018b Corynebacterium godavarianum sp. nov., isolated from Godavari River, India. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 68 241–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jani K, Dhotre D, Bandal J, Shouche Y, Suryavanshi M, Rale V and Sharma A 2018c World’s largest mass bathing event influences the bacterial communities of Godavari, a holy river of India. Microbial. Ecol. 76 706–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovács G, Burghardt J, Pradella S, Schumann P, Stackebrandt E and Màrialigeti K 1999 Kocuria palustris sp. nov. and Kocuria rhizophila sp. nov., isolated from the rhizoplane of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 167–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krizova L, McGinnis J, Maixnerova M, Nemec M, Poirel L, Mingle L, Sedo O, Wolfgang W and Nemec A 2015 Acinetobacter variabilis sp. nov. (formerly DNA group 15 sensu Tjernberg & Ursing), isolated from humans and animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 65 857–863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Stecher G and Tamura K 2016 MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33 1870–1874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumbhare SV, Dhotre DP, Dhar SK, Jani K, Apte DA, Shouche YS and Sharma A 2015 Insights into diversity and imputed metabolic potential of bacterial communities in the continental shelf of Agatti Island. PLoS One 10 e0129864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane DJ 1991 16S/23S rRNA sequencing; in Nucleic Acids Techniques in Bacterial Systematics (eds) E Stackebrandt and M Goodfellow (Chichester: Wiley.) pp 115–147

  • Lee CS, Kim M, Lee C, Yu Z and Lee J 2016 The microbiota of recreational freshwaters and the implications for environmental and public health. Front. Microbiol. l7 1826

  • Marathe NP, Regina VR, Walujkar SA, Charan SS, Moore ER, Larsson DG and Shouche YS 2013 treatment plant receiving waste water from multiple bulk drug manufacturers is a reservoir for highly multi-drug resistant integron-bearing bacteria. PLoS One 8 e77310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGann P, Milillo M, Clifford RJ, Snesrud E, Stevenson L, Backlund MG, Viscount HB, Quintero R, Kwak YI, Zapor MJ, Waterman PE and Lesho EP 2013 Detection of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (encoded by blaNDM-1) in Acinetobacter schindleri during routine surveillance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51 1942–1944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemec A, De Baere T, Tjernberg I, Vaneechoutte M, van der Reijden TJ and Dijkshoorn L 2001 Acinetobacter ursingii sp. nov. and Acinetobacter schindleri sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 1891–1899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton RJ, Bootsma MJ, Morrison HG, Sogin ML and McLellan SL 2013 Microbial signature approach to identify fecal pollution in the waters off an urbanized coast of lake michigan. Microbial. Ecol. 65 1011–1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathom-Aree W, Nogi Y, Ward AC, Horikoshi K, Bull AT and Goodfellow M 2006 Dermacoccus barathri sp. nov. and Dermacoccus profundi sp. nov., novel actinomycetes isolated from deep-sea mud of the Mariana Trench. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 2303–2307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash O, Nimonkar Y, Munot H, Sharma A, Vemuluri VR, Chavadar MS and Shouche YS 2014 Description of Micrococcus aloeverae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Aloe vera. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64 3427–3433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segers P, Vancanneyt M, Pot B, Torck U, Hoste B, Dewettinck D, Falsen E, Kersters K and De Vos P 1994 Classification of Pseudomonas diminuta Leifson and Hugh 1954 and Pseudomonas vesicularis Büsing, Döll, and Freytag 1953 in Brevundimonas gen. nov. as Brevundimonas diminuta comb. nov. and Brevundimonas vesicularis comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 499–510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A and Shouche Y 2014 Microbial Culture Collection (MCC) and International Depositary Authority (IDA) at National Centre for Cell Science, Pune. Indian J. Microbiol. 54 129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Jani K, Feng GD, Karodi P, Vemuluri VR, Zhu HH, Shivaji S, Thite V, Kajale S, Rahi P and Shouche Y 2018 Subsaxibacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from Arctic glacial sediments and emended description of the genus Subsaxibacter. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 68 1678–1682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staley JT, Irgens RL and Brenner DJ 1987 Enhydrobacter aerosaccus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gas-Vacuolated, Facultatively Anaerobic, Heterotrophic Rod. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 37 289–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbach WJ, Benjamin DK, Kontoyiannis DP, Perfect JR, Lutsar I, Marr KA, Lionakis MS, Torres HA, Jafri H and Walsh TJ 2004 Infections due to Aspergillus terreus: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 192–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi N, Shinjoh M, Tomita H, Fujino A, Sugita K, Katohno Y, Kuroda T and Kikuchi K 2015 Catheter-related blood stream infection caused by Dermacoccusbarathri, representing the first case of Dermacoccus infection in humans. J. Infect. Chemother. 21 613–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi M, Fang CX and Yokota A 1995 Taxonomic Study of the Genus Brachybacterium: Proposal of Brachybacterium conglomeratum sp. nov., nom. rev., Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum sp. nov., and Brachybacterium rhamnosum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 45 160–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Vortmann M, Balsari S, Holman SR and Greenough PG 2015 Water, sanitation, and hygiene at the world’s largest mass gathering. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 17 461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S and Taylor JW 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics; in PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (eds) MA Innis, DH Gelfand, JJ Sninsky and TJ White (New York: Academic Press) pp 315–322

  • Wirth F and Goldani LZ 2012 Epidemiology of Rhodotorula: an emerging pathogen. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2012 465717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization 2008 Communicable disease alert and response for mass gatherings. Technical workshop. Geneva, Switzerland, April 29–30, 2008. Geneva: WHO http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_EPR_2008_8c.pdf

  • Yoon SH, Ha SM, Kwon S, Lim J, Kim Y, Seo H and Chun J 2017 Introducing EzBioCloud: a taxonomically united database of 16S rRNA and whole genome assemblies. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67 1613–1617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India (by Grant No. BT/PR/0054/NDB/52/94/2007), under the project Establishment of Microbial Culture Collection. We would like to acknowledge Director, NCCS, Pune, for providing infrastructure.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411 021, India

    Kunal Jani, Yogesh Shouche & Avinash Sharma

  2. Department of Microbiology, KTHM College, Nashik, 422 002, India

    Jayashree Bandal

  3. Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412 115, India

    Kunal Jani & Vinay Rale

Authors
  1. Kunal Jani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jayashree Bandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinay Rale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yogesh Shouche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Avinash Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Avinash Sharma.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 191 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jani, K., Bandal, J., Rale, V. et al. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated and identified from Godavari River across the mass gathering event. J Biosci 44, 121 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-019-9941-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-019-9941-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation