Abstract
The SH4 domain of Src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases represents the extreme N-terminal 1–16 amino acid region which mediates membrane association of these proteins and facilitates their functions. The SH4 domains among Src members lack well-defined sequence consensus and vary in the net charge. However, they readily anchor to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane upon fatty acid acylation. Here, we report the membrane association of differentially acylated SH4 domain of Lck kinase, which has net negative charge at physiological pH. Our results suggest that despite the net negative charge, the SH4 domain of Lck associates with membranes upon fatty acid acylation. While myristoylation at the N-terminus is sufficient for providing membrane anchorage, multiple acylation determines orientation of the peptide chain with respect to the lipid bilayer. Hence, fatty acylation serves more than just a lipid anchor. It has an important role in regulating the spatial orientation of the peptide domain with respect to the lipid bilayer, which could be important for the interaction of the other domains of these kinases with their partners.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atherton E and Sheppard RC 1989 Solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach (USA: Oxford University Press)
Bhatnagar RS and Gordon JI 1997 Understanding covalent modifications of proteins by lipids: where cell biology and biophysics mingle. Trends Cell Biol. 7 14–20
Brown MT and Cooper JA 1996 Regulation, substrates and functions of src. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287 121–149
Buser CA, Sigal CT, Resh MD and McLaughlin S 1994 Membrane binding of myristylated peptides corresponding to the NH2 terminus of Src. Biochemistry 33 13093–13101
Courtneidge SA, Levinson AD and Bishop JM 1980 The protein encoded by the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus (pp60src) and a homologous protein in normal cells (pp60proto-src) are associated with the plasma membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 3783–3787
Cross FR, Garber EA and Hanafusa H 1985 N-terminal deletions in Rous sarcoma virus p60src: effects on tyrosine kinase and biological activities and on recombination in tissue culture with the cellular src gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5 2789–2795
Cross FR, Garber EA, Pellman D and Hanafusa H 1984 A short sequence in the p60src N terminus is required for p60src myristylation and membrane association and for cell transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4 1834–1842
De Kroon AI, Soekarjo MW, De Gier J and De Kruijff B 1990 The role of charge and hydrophobicity in peptide-lipid interaction: a comparative study based on tryptophan fluorescence measurements combined with the use of aqueous and hydrophobic quenchers. Biochemistry 29 8229–8240
Garber EA, Cross FR and Hanafusa H 1985 Processing of p60v-src to its myristylated membrane-bound form. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5 2781–2788
Harishchandran A, Pallavi B and Nagaraj R 2002 A synthetic strategy for ON-resin amino acid specific multiple fatty acid acylation of peptides. Protein Pept. Lett. 9 411–417
Ilangumaran S, Arni S, van Echten-Deckert G, Borisch B and Hoessli DC 1999 Microdomain-dependent regulation of Lck and Fyn protein-tyrosine kinases in T lymphocyte plasma membranes. Mol. Biol. Cell 10 891–905
Kabouridis PS, Magee AI and Ley SC 1997 S-acylation of LCK protein tyrosine kinase is essential for its signalling function in T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 16 4983–4998
Kamps MP, Buss JE and Sefton BM 1985 Mutation of NH2-terminal glycine of p60src prevents both myristoylation and morphological transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 4625–4628
Kamps MP, Buss JE and Sefton BM 1986 Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein lacking myristic acid phosphorylates known polypeptide substrates without inducing transformation. Cell 45 105–112
Kim J, Mosior M, Chung LA, Wu H and McLaughlin S 1991 Binding of peptides with basic residues to membranes containing acidic phospholipids. Biophys. J. 60 135–148
Koegl M, Zlatkine P, Ley SC, Courtneidge SA and Magee AI 1994 Palmitoylation of multiple Src-family kinases at a homologous N-terminal motif. Biochem. J. 303 749–753
Krueger JG, Garber EA and Goldberg AR 1983 Subcellular localization of pp60src in RSV-transformed cells. Curr. Topic. Microbiol. Immunol. 107 51–124
Ley SC, Marsh M, Bebbington CR, Proudfoot K and Jordan P 1994 Distinct intracellular localization of Lck and Fyn protein tyrosine kinases in human T lymphocytes. J. Cell Biol. 125 639–649
MacDonald RC, MacDonald RI, Menco BP, Takeshita K, Subbarao NK and Hu LR 1991 Small-volume extrusion apparatus for preparation of large, unilamellar vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1061 297–303
Marchildon GA, Casnellie JE, Walsh KA and Krebs EG 1984 Covalently bound myristate in a lymphoma tyrosine protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 7679–7682
McCabe JB and Berthiaume LG 1999 Functional roles for fatty acylated amino-terminal domains in subcellular localization. Mol. Biol. Cell 10 3771–3786
McCabe JB and Berthiaume LG 2001 N-terminal protein acylation confers localization to cholesterol, sphingolipid-enriched membranes but not to lipid rafts/caveolae. Mol. Biol. Cell 12 3601–3617
Mishra VK and Palgunachari MN 1996 Interaction of model class A1, class A2, and class Y amphipathic helical peptides with membranes. Biochemistry 35 11210–11220
Paige LA, Nadler MJ, Harrison ML, Cassady JM and Geahlen RL 1993 Reversible palmitoylation of the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck. J. Biol. Chem. 268 8669–8674
Peitzsch RM and McLaughlin S 1993 Binding of acylated peptides and fatty acids to phospholipid vesicles: pertinence to myristoylated proteins. Biochemistry 32 10436–10443
Rawat A and Nagaraj R 2010 Determinants of membrane association in the SH4 domain of Fyn: roles of N-terminus myristoylation and side-chain thioacylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1798 1854–1863
Resh MD 1993 Interaction of tyrosine kinase oncoproteins with cellular membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1155 307–322
Resh MD 1994 Myristylation and palmitylation of Src family members: the fats of the matter. Cell 76 411–413
Robbins SM, Quintrell NA and Bishop JM 1995 Myristoylation and differential palmitoylation of the HCK protein-tyrosine kinases govern their attachment to membranes and association with caveolae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 3507–3515
Shenoy-Scaria AM, Dietzen DJ, Kwong J, Link DC and Lublin DM 1994 Cysteine3 of Src family protein tyrosine kinase determines palmitoylation and localization in caveolae. J. Cell Biol. 126 353–63
Shenoy-Scaria AM, Gauen LK, Kwong J, Shaw AS and Lublin DM 1993 Palmitylation of an amino-terminal cysteine motif of protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn mediates interaction with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 6385–6392
Silverman L and Resh MD 1992 Lysine residues form an integral component of a novel NH2-terminal membrane targeting motif for myristylated pp60v-src. J. Cell Biol. 119 415–425
Spencer DM, Graef I, Austin DJ, Schreiber SL and Crabtree GR 1995 A general strategy for producing conditional alleles of Src-like tyrosine kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 9805–9809
Stewart JM and Young JD 1984 Solid phase peptide synthesis, 2nd edition (Pierce Chemical Co.)
Thomas SM and Brugge JS 1997 Cellular functions regulated by Src family kinases. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13 513–609
Towler DA, Gordon JI, Adams SP and Glaser L 1988 The biology and enzymology of eukaryotic protein acylation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57 69–99
Wellings DA and Atherton E 1997 Standard Fmoc protocols. Method. Enzymol. 289 44–67
Wilcox C, Hu JS and Olson EN 1987 Acylation of proteins with myristic acid occurs cotranslationally. Science 238 1275–1278
Zamoyska R, Basson A, Filby A, Legname G, Lovatt M and Seddon B 2003 The influence of the src-family kinases, Lck and Fyn, on T cell differentiation, survival and activation. Immunol. Rev. 191 107–118
Acknowledgements
RN is recipient of JC Bose fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
MS received 08 August 2012; accepted 25 October 2012
Corresponding editor: Anand Kumar Bachhawat
[Rawat A, Harishchandran A and Nagaraj R 2013 Fatty acyl chain-dependent but charge-independent association of the SH4 domain of Lck with lipid membranes. J. Biosci. 38 1–9] DOI 10.1007/s12038-012-9288-1
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rawat, A., Harishchandran, A. & Nagaraj, R. Fatty acyl chain-dependent but charge-independent association of the SH4 domain of Lck with lipid membranes. J Biosci 38, 63–71 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-012-9288-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-012-9288-1