References
Arthur W and Kettle C 2001 Geographic patterning of variation in segment number in geophilomorph centipedes: clines and speciation; Evol. Dev. 3 34–40
Bateson W 1894 Materials for the studies of variation with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species (London: MacMillan)
Chipman A D and Akam M 2008 The segmentation cascade in the centipede Strigamia maritima: involvement of the Notch pathway and pair-rule gene homologues; Dev. Biol. 319 160–169
Cooke J and Zeeman E C 1976 A clock and wavefront model for control of the number of repeated structures during animal morphogenesis; J. Theor. Biol. 58 455–476
Dequéant M L and Pourquié O 2008 Segmental patterning of the vertebrate embryonic axis; Nat. Rev. Genet. 9 370–382
Forgacs G and Newman S A 2005 Biological physics of the developing embryo (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press)
Fowler J A 1970 Control of vertebral number in teleosts — an embryological problem; Quart. Rev. Biol. 45 148–164
Gomez C, Ozbudak E M, Wunderlich J, Baumann D, Lewis J and Pourquié O 2008 Control of segment number in vertebrate embryos; Nature (London) 454 335–339
Holley S A 2007 The genetics and embryology of zebrafish metamerism; Dev. Dyn. 236 1422–1449
Kettle C and Arthur W 2000 Latitudinal cline in segment number in an arthropod species, Strigamia maritima; Proc. R. Soc. London B 267 1393–1397
Lewontin R C 2000 The triple helix: Gene, organism and environment (Cambridge; Harvard University Press)
Marx H and Rabb G B 1972 Phyletic analysis of fifty characters of advanced snakes; Fieldiana Zool. 63 1–321
Minelli A, Chagas-Júnior A and Edgecombe G D 2009 Saltational evolution of trunk segment number in centipedes; Evol. Dev. 11 318–322
Minelli A and Fusco G 2004 Evo-devo perspectives on segmentation: model organisms, and beyond; Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 423–429
Newman S A 2005 The pre-Mendelian, pre-Darwinian world: Shifting relations between genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in early multicellular evolution; J. Biosci. 30 75–85
Osgood D W 1978 Effects of temperature on the development of meristic characters in Natrix fasciata; Copeia 1 33–47
Pueyo J I, Lanfear R and Couso J P 2008 Ancestral Notch-mediated segmentation revealed in the cockroach Periplaneta americana; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 16614–16619
Salazar-Ciudad I 2006 Developmental constraints vs. variational properties: How Pattern formation can help to understand evolution and development; J. Exp. Zool. B. Mol. Dev. Evol. 306 107–125
Schoppmeier M and Damen W G 2005 Suppressor of Hairless and Presenilin phenotypes imply involvement of canonical Notch-signalling in segmentation of the spider Cupiennius salei; Dev. Biol. 280 211–224
Vedel V, Chipman A D, Akam M and Arthur W 2008 Temperature-dependent plasticity of segment number in an arthropod species: the centipede Strigamia maritima; Evol. Dev. 10 487–492
Vonk F J and Richardson M K 2008 Developmental biology-Serpent clocks tick faster; Nature (London) 454 282–283
Waddington C H 1957 The strategy of the genes (New York: Macmillan)
West-Eberhard M J 2003 Developmental plasticity and evolution (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press)
Willmer P 1990 Invertebrate relationships (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhat, R., Newman, S.A. Snakes and ladders: the ups and downs of animal segmentation. J Biosci 34, 163–166 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-009-0017-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-009-0017-3